Abstract:
:Neuropsychology has customarily taken a molecular and myopic view of executive functioning, concentrating largely on those proximal processes of which it may be comprised. Although commendable as a starting point, such an approach can never answer the question, "Why executive functioning?" The present paper encourages neuropsychologists to contemplate the longer-term, functional nature of the executive functions (EFs), using an evolutionary perspective. For purely illustrative purposes, a previously developed model of the EFs is briefly presented and is then examined from an evolutionary perspective. That model views the EFs as forms of behavior-to-the-self that evolved from overt (public) to covert (private) responses as a means of self-regulation. That was necessary given the interpersonal competition that arises within this group-living species. The EFs serve to shift the control of behavior from the immediate context, social others, and the temporal now to self-regulation by internal representations regarding the hypothetical social future. The EFs seem to meet the requirements of a biological adaptation, being an improbable complex design for a purpose that exists universally in humans. Discovering the adaptive problems that the EFs evolved to solve offers an invaluable research agenda for neuropsychology lest that agenda be resolved first by other scientific disciplines. Some adaptive problems that the EFs may have evolved to solve are then considered, among them being social exchange (reciprocal altruism or selfish cooperation), imitation and vicarious learning as types of experiential theft, mimetic skill (private behavioral rehearsal) and gestural communication, and social self-defense against such theft and interpersonal manipulation. Although clearly speculative at the moment, these proposals demonstrate the merit of considering the larger adaptive problems that the EFs evolved to solve. Taking the evolutionary stance toward the EFs would achieve not only greater insight into their nature, but also into their assessment and into those larger adaptive capacities that may be diminished through injury or developmental impairment toward that system.
journal_name
Neuropsychol Revjournal_title
Neuropsychology reviewauthors
Barkley RAdoi
10.1023/a:1009085417776keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-03-01 00:00:00pages
1-29issue
1eissn
1040-7308issn
1573-6660journal_volume
11pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Faces play an integral role in day-to-day functioning, particularly for social interactions where dynamic and rapid processing of information is vital. Analysis of faces allows an individual to ascertain a wide range of information including deciphering mood and identity, with these assessments directing an individual...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11065-016-9340-2
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the past 20 years, many studies in the cognitive neurosciences have analyzed human ability to navigate in recently learned and familiar environments by investigating the cognitive processes involved in successful navigation. In this study, we reviewed the main experimental paradigms and made a cognitive-oriented me...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1007/s11065-014-9247-8
更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Delirium is a common neurobehavioral syndrome that occurs across health care settings which is associated with adverse outcomes, including death. There are limited data on long-term cognitive outcomes following delirium. This report reviews the literature regarding relationships between delirium and cognitive impairme...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1023/b:nerv.0000028080.39602.17
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The degree of structural and functional specialization that differentiates between upper and lower limb use in humans is quite unparalleled among primates. It is argued that less neural resources are devoted to leg and foot control than to arm and hand control, and that this aspect of lower limb innervation, together ...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF01108716
更新日期:1990-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past few decades, research has established that the cerebellum is involved in executive functions; however, its specific role remains unclear. There are numerous theories of cerebellar function and numerous cognitive processes falling under the umbrella of executive function, making investigations of the cere...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11065-020-09465-1
更新日期:2021-01-29 00:00:00
abstract::Since S. Rao's ["Neuropsychology of Multiple Sclerosis: A Critical Review," A Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, Vol. 85, pp. 503-542] (1986) seminal review, considerable research has been undertaken on the neuropsychological consequences of multiple sclerosis. This review incorporates the research ...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1023/a:1025621700003
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Autism is diagnosed on the basis of a triad of impairments in social interaction, communication, and flexible imaginative functions (with restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests; RRBIs). There has been a strong presumption that these different features of the syndrome are strongly intertwined and proceed fro...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9076-8
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Norman Geschwind's landmark paper in 1965, "Disconnexion Syndromes in Animals and Man," inspired a generation of investigators to consider the effects of focal brain lesions disrupting higher brain functions. Although Geschwind viewed disconnection as resulting from either white or gray matter lesions, his signature a...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11065-010-9127-9
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A procedure for automatic identification of sulci of cerebral hemispheres in magnetic resonance images is presented. The algorithm departs from information of the spatial location of a given feature (e.g., sulcal contour) in one hemisphere and automatically defines its course in the other hemisphere. The automatic tra...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF01875370
更新日期:1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cognitive dysfunction is highly prevalent, disabling, and poorly-managed in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent evidence suggests that exercise might have beneficial effects on cognition in this population. The current systematic, evidence-based review examined the existing literature on exercise, physical ac...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11065-016-9324-2
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper reviews the growing amount of evidence supporting the hypothesis that Alzheimer's disease includes a disconnection syndrome. This evidence came mainly from neuropathological, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging studies. Moreover, a few recent neuropsychological studies have also explored the effects of a...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1023/a:1023832305702
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neuropsychological research provides a useful framework to study emotional problems, such as depression, and their correlates. This paper reviews several prominent neuropsychological theories. Functional neuroanatomical systems of emotion and depression are reviewed, including those that describe cerebral asymmetries ...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1023/a:1022300622902
更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Patients with schizophrenia demonstrate marked impairments on most clinical neuropsychological tests. These findings suggest that patients suffer from a generalized form of cognitive impairment, with little evidence of spared performance documented in several large meta-analytic reviews of the clinical literature. In ...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11065-009-9098-x
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The notion that memory for music can be preserved in patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) has been raised by a number of case studies. In this paper, we review the current research examining musical memory in patients with AD. In keeping with models of memory described in the non-musical domain, we propose that vari...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11065-009-9085-2
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The importance of the amygdala as a salience detector and in emotional learning is now well accepted. The mechanisms that regulate and inhibit the amygdala, however, are less well understood. This review provides evidence from imaging and lesion studies to support the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11065-019-09398-4
更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Association Football (soccer) is the most popular and widespread sport in the world. A significant proportion of the injuries suffered in football are head injuries involving trauma to the brain. In normal play, head trauma frequently arises from collisions, but some researchers have claimed that it also may arise as ...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1023/a:1025525613477
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Age-related increase in frailty is accompanied by a fundamental shift in cellular iron homeostasis. By promoting oxidative stress, the intracellular accumulation of non-heme iron outside of binding complexes contributes to chronic inflammation and interferes with normal brain metabolism. In the absence of direct non-i...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11065-015-9292-y
更新日期:2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Some studies have linked bilingualism with a later onset of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Not all studies have observed such relationships, however. Differences in study outcomes may be due to methodological limitations and the presence of confounding factors within studies s...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11065-020-09426-8
更新日期:2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past 5 years, Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) has begun to provide new evidence about the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on white matter development. DTI, which examines microstructural tissue integrity, is sensitive to more subtle white matter abnormalities than traditional volumetric MRI methods. Thus ...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11065-011-9162-1
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The publication of Luria's Neuropsychological Investigation (LNI) by Christensen in 1975 introduced Luria's evaluation procedures to worldwide neuropsychology. The LNI demonstrated the benefit of a thorough qualitative analysis of an individual patient's functioning as well as the usefulness of a comprehensive theory ...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1023/a:1025655707095
更新日期:1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper surveys the process approach literature with an emphasis on higher level cognitive functions like attention and concentration, learning and memory, and problem solving and executive functioning. In particular, it discusses organizational strategies and kinds of errors found on a variety of tests as well as ...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/BF02214647
更新日期:1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sport-related concussion (SRC) is managed primarily through serial clinical evaluations throughout recovery. However, studies suggest that clinical measures may not be suitable to detect subtle alterations in functioning and are limited by numerous internal and external factors. Electroencephalography (EEG) has been u...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11065-020-09442-8
更新日期:2020-06-23 00:00:00
abstract::Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are highly prevalent among Veterans of the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. These conditions are associated with common and unique neuropsychological and neuroanatomical changes. This review synthesizes neuropsychological and neuroimaging st...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11065-012-9190-5
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Evidence for central nervous system, and more particularly cortical, etiology of anorexia nervosa is reviewed. Topics covered are neuropsychiatric comorbidity, inheritance patterns, the neurobiology of body-image disturbance and of the eating function, perinatal and alcoholic insult to the brain, neurochemical and neu...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/BF01108842
更新日期:1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Psychotic disorders are characterized by a generalized neurocognitive deficit (i.e., performance 1.5 SD below controls across neuropsychological domains with no specific profile of differential deficits). A motivational account of the generalized neurocognitive deficit has been proposed, which attributes poor neuropsy...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11065-020-09448-2
更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The assessment of motor functioning in young children has become increasingly important in recent years with the acknowledgement that motor impairment is linked with cognitive, language, social and emotional difficulties. However, there is no one gold standard assessment tool to investigate motor ability in children. ...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11065-012-9211-4
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a recently identified X-linked neurodegenerative disorder affecting a proportion of premutation carriers of the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. Previous research suggests that cognitive and psychiatric features of FXTAS may include primary impairments ...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11065-014-9262-9
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The monetary incentive delay task breaks down reward processing into discrete stages for fMRI analysis. Here we look at anticipation of monetary gain and loss contrasted with neutral anticipation. We meta-analysed data from 15 original whole-brain group maps (n = 346) and report extensive areas of relative activation ...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1007/s11065-018-9385-5
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Behavioral studies of facial emotion recognition (FER) in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have yielded mixed results. Here we address demographic and experiment-related factors that may account for these inconsistent findings. We also discuss the possibility that compensatory mechanisms might enable some individuals w...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11065-010-9138-6
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intelligence testing has a long and revered history in psychological measurement in childhood. Yet, the years between infancy and early childhood have been understudied with respect to emergent intellectual and cognitive functioning. Factor analytic models of intelligence that have demonstrated applicability when test...
journal_title:Neuropsychology review
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11065-012-9215-0
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00