Abstract:
:The objective of this article is to evaluate the roles of the lipid-lowering class of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) in reducing cardiovascular events and to review their mechanism of action based on in vitro and in vivo studies. The clinical outcome of 15 major clinical trials has been critically reviewed and summarised; all showed a high degree of efficacy and safety. Statins, either in active or prodrug forms, are potent inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, have good absorption rate and their bioavailability depends on their lipophobicity and concomitant use with meals. Abdominal discomfort is the most commonly reported adverse effect. Although the incidence is low, myopathy with or without rhabdomyolysis may be considered a serious adverse effect of statins. A combination of a statin with gemfibrozil seems to increase the risk of this adverse event, particularly in patients with renal impairment. Combination therapy with several other agents, frequently administered to cardiovascular patients, has also been reviewed. Statin therapy is considered highly cost effective in secondary prevention, but it is less cost effective in primary prevention. This factor may underline the rationale for developing other safe and effective agents with an improved cost effectiveness profile. The pleiotropic non-lipid lowering effects of statins may include their anti-oxidant and antithrombotic potential as well as restoration of endothelial function. Statins may also be beneficial in the treatment of osteoporosis. Fewer studies have investigated statins' effects on the quality of lipoprotein particles, the activities of cholesteryl ester transfer protein and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase as well as their possible synergistic effects with n-3 fatty acids, anti-oxidants and aspirin in reducing cardiovascular events.
journal_name
Expert Opin Pharmacotherjournal_title
Expert opinion on pharmacotherapyauthors
Moghadasian MH,Mancini GB,Frohlich JJdoi
10.1517/14656566.1.4.683keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-05-01 00:00:00pages
683-95issue
4eissn
1465-6566issn
1744-7666journal_volume
1pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:INTRODUCTION:Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood, affecting approximately 10% of all children, and is the leading cause of hospitalization in developed countries. In this paper we aimed to review the evidence on chemical pharmacotherapy for long-term treatment of pediatric asthma, according to the la...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/14656566.2017.1317747
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Lupus nephritis is a frequent complication and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Area covered: The main characteristics and mechanisms of action of the synthetic drugs more frequently used in lupus nephritis are described. Possible strategies aime...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/14656566.2016.1276563
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Loss of bone mineral density is an emerging problem in persons living with HIV infection. Earlier and more rapid bone demineralization has been attributed not only to the high prevalence of traditional risk factors, but also to specific HIV-related factors. The aim of this guidance is to stimulate an appro...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/14656566.2016.1146690
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Olanzapine long-acting injection (OLAI), or olanzapine pamoate , is one of three second generation (SGA) antipsychotics now available in a long-acting formulation. OLAI is a microcrystalline salt of pamoic acid and olanzapine suspended in an aqueous solution that slowly dissociates into the separate compon...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1517/14656566.2012.686169
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD:Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disease in childhood. The global incidence of diabetes emphasizes the health, social and financial magnitude of this disease and the importance of optimizing disease management and prevention. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW:This article reviews the t...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/14656566.2010.506479
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The introduction of anti-TNFalpha therapy into the field of rheumatology has led to dramatic improvements in patient care, perhaps the most remarkable being in the management of ankylosing spondylitis. As experience with these compounds grows, their place in therapeutic strategy is becoming clearer, and it has been po...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/14656566.7.7.869
更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Antifungal resistance is an emerging problem that increases morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed pediatric patients, who suffer from invasive fungal diseases. Optimal pharmacological management is critical for the successful treatment of invasive fungal infections by resistant strains. AREAS COVERE...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/14656566.2015.1000302
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Metastatic prostate cancer is an incurable disease that is treated with a variety of hormonal therapies targeting various nodes of the androgen receptor (AR) pathway. Invariably patients develop resistance and become castration resistant. Common treatments for castration-resistant disease include novel hor...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/14656566.2015.1055249
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Vertigo and dizziness are common chief complaints of vestibular and ocular motor disorders (lifetime prevalence 30%). Treatment relies on physical, pharmacological, psychological and rarely surgical approaches. Eight groups of drugs are currently used in vestibular and ocular motor disorders, namely anti-v...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/14656566.2019.1610386
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a B-cell lymphoid malignancy that accounts for approximately 2% of all leukemias. Treatment with purine nucleoside analogs (PNA) results in a high response rate and remains the standard of care. Long term follow-up shows that most patients relapse and require retreatment. Newer...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/14656566.2020.1754397
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A systemic and endemic emerging mycosis in Latin America, paracoccidioidomycosis, is characterised by its chronicity and by the severity of the disseminated form in healthy individuals, as well as in immunocompromised individuals co-infected with HIV, resulting, in the latter, in a mortality rate in the range of 30 - ...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/14656566.6.3.385
更新日期:2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Moderate hypertriglyceridemia is fairly common, and elevated triglycerides are a risk factor for coronary heart disease. The omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA have been shown to lower triglycerides in many clinical studies. Prescription omega-3 fatty acid concentrates (P-OM3) are indicated for use in people wi...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/14656566.9.7.1237
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pain may produce metabolic changes after surgery, which may contribute to further morbidity. A variety of medicines and techniques can be used to successfully treat pain. It is postulated that improved analgesia leads to improved outcomes, although analgesics may also contribute to morbidity. This article reviews the ...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/14656566.4.9.1507
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Anorexia is a frequent complication of uraemic syndrome, which contributes to malnutrition in dialysis patients. Uraemic anorexia has been associated with many factors. This paper reviews the current knowledge about mechanisms responsible for uraemic anorexia, the treatments and new drugs used to control the loss of a...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/14656566.2.11.1825
更新日期:2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Diabetic foot ulcers, especially when they become infected, are a leading cause of morbidity and may lead to severe consequences, such as amputation. Optimal treatment of these diabetic foot problems usually requires a multidisciplinary approach, typically including wound debridement, pressure off-loading,...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/14656566.2015.1021780
更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Apomorphine, a medication that has been studied intensively over the years, is available in the US as intermittent subcutaneous injections for treatment of 'off' motor states in Parkinson disease. OBJECTIVE:The clinical literature is summarized with particular focus on randomized controlled studies of apomo...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/14656560902828344
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a major cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Although advanced NSCLC is still incurable, various anti-neoplastic agents have become available for the treatment of this disease. Pemetrexed , a multi-target folate antagonist, has improved the survival of non-squamous...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/14656566.2013.802774
更新日期:2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Candesartan is a long-acting angiotensin receptor antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, with insurmountable receptor binding abilities. Recent studies have shown candesartan to be an effective therapy for heart failure patients, producing a significant reduction in mortality and morbidity. ...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/14656566.7.14.1945
更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Hypertension is highly prevalent in patients with end-stage kidney disease on hemodialysis and is often not well controlled. Blood pressure (BP) levels before and after hemodialysis have a U-shaped relationship with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Although antihypertensive drugs are recommended for...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/14656566.2020.1746272
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Chronic hepatitis C infection is a global disease with 160 million people infected worldwide. Until recently, therapy was characterized by long duration, suboptimal success rates and significant adverse drug reactions. The development of direct-acting antivirals initiated a dramatic change in the treatment...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/14656566.2014.972364
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vaginal ring delivery systems are a highly promising approach to hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The vagina is an excellent route for steroid absorption. Menopausal vaginal rings can be designed to allow very low dose local delivery of oestrogen to the vagina for the large percentage of postmenopausal women experie...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/14656566.4.2.201
更新日期:2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Despite the availability of many antihypreglycemic agents, many patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) fail to achieve the glycemic treatment goal, primarily due to progressive beta-cell dysfunction, and increased risk of hypoglycemia. AREAS COVERED:The aim of the present article is to review the efficacy a...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/14656566.2013.812632
更新日期:2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In > 80% of patients with autoimmune hepatitis, steroid therapy alone or in combination with azathioprine results in disease remission. Treatment response results in reversal of fibrosis and excellent long-term survival in many patients, whereas untreated patients may expect a 10-year survival of < 30%. The use of aza...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/14656566.7.2.145
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The recently published Abaloparatide Comparator Trial in Vertebral Endpoints (ACTIVE) assessed the efficacy and safety of abaloparatide (80 µg daily subcutaneous) (ABL) vs placebo during 18 months, in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Teriparatide (20 µg daily subcutaneous) (TPD) was used as an open label active comparator...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/14656566.2017.1395021
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recognising the value added by economic evaluations of clinical trials and the interaction of clinical, humanistic and economic end points, the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) has developed an Outcomes Model that guides the comprehensive assessment of this triad of end points. This paper will focus on the econ...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/14656566.5.3.513
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Anaerobes are the most predominant components of normal human skin and mucous membrane bacterial flora and are, therefore, a common cause of endogenous bacterial infections. Because of their fastidious nature, they are difficult to isolate from infectious sites and are often overlooked. Anaerobic infection...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/14656566.2011.576672
更新日期:2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Multiple myeloma is a disease predominately affecting older adults. Pivotal to treating older adults is understanding their physiologic differences compared to younger subjects and how the complexity of therapies has an impact upon this patient population. AREAS COVERED:Herein, the authors address the eff...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/14656566.2019.1577822
更新日期:2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy continues to evolve rapidly. ABT-450 is a novel potent inhibitor of the non-structural 3/4A protease that has been studied in combination with several agents, allowing shorter duration of therapy and interferon-free/ribavirin-free all-oral regimens. Preliminary data from stu...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/14656566.2014.889116
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Management of a number of significant viral pathogens in transplant recipients remains challenging. OBJECTIVES:To define an optimal antiviral approach to the management of cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6), Epstein-Barr (EBV)-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), ...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/14656566.9.14.2409
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Introduction: Spondyloarthritis (SpA) refers to a group of disorders sharing common clinical, genetic and imaging characteristics. Axial (ax) SpA corresponds to a subgroup that mainly affects the axial skeleton, leading to inflammatory back pain and progressive radiographic changes of the sacroiliac joints and the spi...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/14656566.2019.1617853
更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00