Abstract:
:Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecules drive the development, activation and homeostasis of CD4* T-helper cells. They play a central role in key processes of the adaptive immune system, such as the generation of T-cell-mediated immune responses, the regulation of antibody production and the development and maintenance of tol erance. It is thus not surprising that the absence of MHCII expression results in a severe primary immunodeficiency disease (the bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS)). The genetic defects responsible for BLS do not lie within the MHCII locus, but in genes encoding transcription factors required for MHCII expression. A great deal of our current knowledge about the mechanisms regulating expression of MHCII genes has been derived from the study of BLS. Four different MHCII regulatory genes have been identified. These genes encode RFXANK, RFXS, RFXAP and CIITA. The first three are subunits of RFX, a ubiquitously expressed factor that binds to the promoters of all MHCII genes. RFX binds co-operatively with other factors to form a highly stable multiprotein complex referred to as the MHCII enhanceosome. This enhanceosome serves as a landing pad for the co-activator CIITA, which is recruited via protein-protein interactions CIITA is the master control factor for MHCII expression. The highly regulated expression pattern of CIITA ultimately dictates the cell type specificity, induction and level of MHCII expression.
journal_name
Immunol Revjournal_title
Immunological reviewsauthors
Waldburger JM,Masternak K,Muhlethaler-Mottet A,Villard J,Peretti M,Landmann S,Reith Wdoi
10.1034/j.1600-065x.2000.17813.xkeywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-12-01 00:00:00pages
148-65eissn
0105-2896issn
1600-065Xjournal_volume
178pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) envelope protein (Env) and influenza hemagglutinin (HA) are the surface glycoproteins responsible for viral entry into host cells, the first step in the virus life cycle necessary to initiate infection. These glycoproteins exhibit a high degree of sequence variability and glycosy...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12005
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human immunodeficiency virus infection is still one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, with a disproportionate human and economic burden especially in poorer countries. Despite many years of intense research, an aspect that still is not well understood is what (immune) mechanisms con...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12691
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::NK cells express receptors for polymorphic MHC class I molecules that inhibit killing of potential target cells bearing appropriate class I allotypes. Here we review the membrane receptors on human NK cells that are known to initiate cell-mediated cytotoxicity and demonstrate regulation of these responses by the kille...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb00947.x
更新日期:1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The concept that the immune system recognizes and controls cancer was first postulated over a century ago, and cancer immunity has continued to be vigorously debated and experimentally tested. Mounting evidence in humans and mice supports the involvement of cytokines in tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. The id...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00199.x
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Multiple myeloma (MM) is a tumor of long-lived bone marrow plasma cells (PCs). Nearly 40% of MM tumors have immunoglobulin H (IgH) translocations involving four recurrent chromosomal loci (oncogenes): 11q13 (cyclin D1), 6p21 (cyclin D3), 4p16 (MMSET and FGFR3), and 16q23 (c-maf). Other MM tumors have Ig translocations...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00052.x
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::αβ T cells are an integral part of protective immunity against pathogens. After precursor cells arise in the adult bone marrow or fetal liver, they migrate to the thymus where they rearrange their T-cell receptor genes (TCR) and undergo selection on the basis of their interactions with ligands expressed by thymic stro...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12095
更新日期:2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The structure and amino acid diversity of the T-cell receptor (TCR), similar in nature to that of Fab portions of antibodies, would suggest that these proteins have a nearly infinite capacity to recognize antigen. Yet all currently defined native T cells expressing an α and β chain in their TCR can only sense antigen ...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12327
更新日期:2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The destiny of activated T cells is critical to the ultimate fate of immune response. After encountering antigen, naïve T cells receive signal 1 through the T-cell receptor (TCR)-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plus antigenic peptide complex and signal 2 through "positive" costimulatory molecules leading to ful...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1046/j.1600-065x.2003.00088.x
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in teleost fish is structurally similar to that in mammals, comprising a series of variable gene segments upstream of two constant region genes coding for IgM and IgD. Atlantic salmon have been shown to possess two distinct heavy chain loci, related to the tetraploid ancestry of th...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01260.x
更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inoculation of plasmid DNA is a simple way to immunize, but it is characterized by low immunogenicity, which has hampered the development of effective DNA vaccines for human use. Here, we discuss how poor immunogenicity can be solved and present our proposal: genetically programmed B lymphocytes as antigen-presenting ...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00152.x
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is clear by now that cell-to-cell interactions involving a variety of signals are required for effective immune response. The data reviewed here suggest that CD40-CD40L interactions are critical for development of CD4 T-cell-dependent effector functions. Lack of this important interaction results in greatly reduced...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1996.tb00921.x
更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::GITR [glucocorticoid inducible tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-related protein] and 4-1BB are costimulatory TNFR family members that are expressed on regulatory and effector T cells as well as on other cells of the immune system. Here we discuss the role of GITR and 4-1BB on T cells during viral infections and i...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01063.x
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:SUMMARY:Interleukin-21 (IL-21) belongs to a family of cytokines that includes IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15, all of which bind to private (or shared) receptors as well as the common cytokine receptor gamma-chain as a component. Most cytokines in this family are critically important for both the maintenance and func...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00631.x
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent studies on autoimmune ovarian disease (AOD) induced by thymectomy on d3 (d3tx), and AOD induced by immunization with the ovary-specific zona pellucida 3 peptide (pZP3), have yielded the following results. First, female tolerance to pZP3 depends on the persistence of endogenous antigen (Ag). Second, following re...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.1820111.x
更新日期:2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the human, most IgM+IgD+ as well as CD5+ peripheral blood B cells express unmutated V genes and thus can be assigned to a pre-germinal centre (GC) stage of development. The memory B-cell compartment generated in the GC reaction and characterized by cells bearing somatically mutated V-region genes consists not only ...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01447.x
更新日期:1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this review, we discuss the possibilities for combining the power of molecular analysis of the antigens expressed in a given individual tumor with the design of a tailored vaccine containing defined antigens. Step 1 is a differential gene expression analysis of tumor and corresponding normal tissue. Step 2 is the a...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.18815.x
更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The preceding paragraphs describe several uses of specific antibodies to IL-1. Standard radioimmunoassays and ELISA procedures were developed with demonstrated utility in studies attempting to quantitate the cytokine in cell culture fluids. In part, antibody-based assays circumvent the problems associated with bioassa...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1991.tb00584.x
更新日期:1991-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Experiments designed to identify all HLA class I genes led to the cloning of the HLA-G gene (Geraghty et al. 1987). Very low levels of HLA-G mRNA expression have been demonstrated in the eye, thymus, peripheral blood lymphocytes and in keratinocytes (Shukla et al. 1990, Ishitani & Geraghty 1992, Kirszenbaum et al. 199...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1995.tb00087.x
更新日期:1995-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ability of T cells to respond to a wide array of foreign antigens while avoiding reactivity to self is largely determined by cellular selection of developing T cells in the thymus. While a great deal is known about the cell types and molecules involved in T-cell selection in the thymus, our understanding of the sp...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12398
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cancer immunotherapy utilizing T-cell checkpoint inhibitors has shown tremendous clinical success. Yet, this mode of treatment is effective in only a subset of patients. Unresponsive patients tend to have non-T-cell-inflamed tumors that lack markers associated with the activation of adaptive anti-tumor immune response...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12522
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mammalian defense system can respond to a variety of threats, but this capability is not just a simple alarm system for triggering antigen-presenting cells and initiating cellular immunity. Instead, the body is an integrated system in which nearly every cell type can relay the alarm through the production of chemo...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01318.x
更新日期:1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::5-methylcytosine (5-mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) play a critical role in development and normal physiology. Alterations in 5-mC and 5-hmC patterns are common events in hematopoietic neoplasms. In this review, we begin by emphasizing the importance of 5-mC, 5-hmC, and their enzymatic modifiers in hematologic...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12242
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Once across the barrier of the epithelium, macrophages constitute the primary defense against microbial invasion. For most microbes, the acidic, hydrolytically competent environment of the phagolysosome is sufficient to kill them. Despite our understanding of the trafficking events that regulate phagosome maturation, ...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2007.00547.x
更新日期:2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Complement is a humoral factor of innate immunity and plays important roles in immune surveillance and clearance of invading pathogens. Mammalian complement consists of the classical (antibody-dependent), the alternative (antibody-independent) and the lectin (triggered by mannose-binding lectin) pathways of activation...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01250.x
更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although T-cell clones bearing T-cell receptors with high affinity for self-peptide major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products are generally eliminated in the thymus (recessive tolerance), the peripheral T-cell repertoire remains strongly biased toward self-peptide MHC complexes and includes autoreactive T cells....
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00247.x
更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Basal, activation, and arrest signaling in T cells determines survival, coordinates responses to pathogens, and, when dysregulated, leads to loss of self-tolerance and autoimmunity. At the T-cell surface, transmembrane glycoproteins interact with galectins via their N-glycans, forming a molecular lattice that regulate...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00796.x
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::As an essential mechanism for self-tolerance, immune suppression has attracted much attention since the discovery of suppressor T cells, now called regulatory T cells (Tregs), in the 1990s. Different types of Tregs have been described based on distinct expression patterns of surface markers and cytokines. Cytokines ar...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00407.x
更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::TET proteins are DNA demethylases that can oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to generate 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and other oxidized mC bases (oxi-mCs). Importantly, TET proteins govern cell fate decisions during development of various cell types by activating a cell-specific gene expression program. In this review...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12940
更新日期:2021-01-07 00:00:00
abstract::Interleukin-18 (IL-18) has been regarded as a proinflammatory cytokine because of its potent interferon-gamma-inducing activity. However, mutant mice that release excess amounts of IL-18 spontaneously develop pruritic chronic dermatitis-like atopic dermatitis (AD), suggesting the importance of IL-18 for the developmen...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00205.x
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We review a novel strategy for tolerance induction developed in rhesus macaques and termed STEALTH. We summarize the evolution of the STEALTH model, the results of successful trials in inducing long-term, stable transplant tolerance in rhesus kidney and diabetic islet recipients and discuss information related to the ...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,收录出版,评审
doi:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.1830118.x
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00