Abstract:
PURPOSE:Defensins are naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides. Recently the authors published evidence of defensin production by the human ocular surface. A study was undertaken to look for intraocular defensins that may account for unexplained antimicrobial activity of intraocular fluids. METHODS:Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed on human postmortem ciliary body samples for beta defensins-1 (HBD-1) and beta defensin-2 (HBD-2), and alpha defensins 5 and 6. Induction of defensins by cytokines was analyzed in cultured human ciliary body epithelial (CBE) and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Polyclonal antibodies were used to immunoblot aqueous and vitreous to detect HBD-1 and HBD-2 and to estimate their concentration. RESULTS:RT-PCR revealed constitutive HBD-1 message in ciliary body. HBD-2 and alpha defensin 5 and 6 messages were absent. HBD-2 message was induced by cytokine stimulation of both CBE and RPE cells. Immunoblots of vitreous and aqueous stained positively for HBD-1 but not HBD-2. The estimated aqueous concentration of HBD-1 was less than 16 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS:This study demonstrates that HBD-1 is constitutively present in the aqueous and vitreous, probably at sub-bacteriocidal concentrations. HBD-2 was absent from aqueous, but cytokine stimulation studies suggest that it may be generated in response to inflammatory cytokines during infections. HBD-2 has a wider antibacterial spectrum, is 10-fold more potent, and may play a more significant role in antimicrobial defense than HBD-1. The use of defensins therapeutically may be indicated; however, caution is required because defensins also promote cell proliferation and fibrin formation, which are 2 key elements in ocular scarring processes such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
journal_name
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Scijournal_title
Investigative ophthalmology & visual scienceauthors
Haynes RJ,McElveen JE,Dua HS,Tighe PJ,Liversidge Jkeywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-09-01 00:00:00pages
3026-31issue
10eissn
0146-0404issn
1552-5783journal_volume
41pub_type
杂志文章abstract:Purpose:Primates and rodents are used widely as animal models of glaucoma, but each has significant limitations. Researchers need additional animal models that closely resemble the relevant anatomy and pathologic features of the human disease to more quickly advance research. We validate a novel glaucoma animal model i...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/iovs.18-24261
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Oxidative stress seems to be an important factor in the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The role of DNA repair mechanisms has also received attention recently in AMD pathogenesis. This case-control study was conducted to determine the frequency of polymorphisms in two DNA repair enzyme ge...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/iovs.09-4842
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of visual impairment in developed countries. While DR has been described classically as a microvascular disease, recent evidence suggests that changes to retinal microglia are an early feature of retinopathy. In our study, we assessed changes in microglial distribution...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/iovs.12-10876
更新日期:2013-01-30 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To investigate the human disease due to CRB1 mutations and compare results with the Crb1-mutant rd8 mouse. METHODS:Twenty-two patients with CRB1 mutations were studied. Function was assessed with perimetry and electroretinography (ERG) and retinal structure with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Cortical str...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/iovs.11-7701
更新日期:2011-08-29 00:00:00
abstract::An ultrasonic pachometer was used to measure the central, mid-peripheral, and peripheral thickness in 17 locations across the corneas of 12 adult New Zealand Albino rabbit eyes. The mean thickness at each location was entered into a microcomputer to generate a three-dimensional plot of corneal thickness. The rabbit co...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1983-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To test the incidence of mutations in RPGR ORF15 in six families with X-linked progressive retinal degeneration (cone-rod dystrophy [XLCORD], macular or cone dystrophy) and to undertake a detailed phenotypic assessment of families in whom ORF15 mutations were identified. METHODS:To amplify and sequence ORF15 i...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/iovs.04-1482
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To assess the mutation spectrum in the ABCR gene and clinical phenotypes in Italian families with autosomal recessive Stargardt disease (STGD1) and fundus flavimaculatus (FFM). METHODS:Eleven families from southern Italy, including 18 patients with diagnoses of STGD1, were clinically examined. Ophthalmologic e...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To determine the prevalence, incidence, and progression of myopia of Chinese children in Hong Kong. METHODS:A cross-sectional survey was initially conducted. A longitudinal follow-up study was then conducted 12 months later. RESULTS:A total of 7560 children of mean age 9.33 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 9.1...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/iovs.03-1151
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To test whether triamcinolone acetonide (TA) inhibits angiogenesis induced by IL-6 or VEGF and whether this inhibition is through antagonism of the IL-6 or the VEGF receptor 2. METHODS:A rat cornea micropocket assay was used to initiate IL-6- and VEGF-mediated angiogenesis. The ability of TA or neutralizing VE...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/iovs.05-1651
更新日期:2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To develop models for assessing the differential growth of the fetal face along its horizontal and vertical axes, as well as of the orbit and the eye. METHODS:Normal human fetuses (n = 205), whose gestational ages ranged from 15.5 to 41 weeks of amenorrhea, were examined. Orbitofacial parameters were as follow...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1998-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (statins) reduce signs of diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients and animals. Indirect clinical evidence supports the actions of statins in improving cardiovascular function, but the mechanisms of their protective actions in the retina are not understood...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/iovs.08-1754
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is an important cause of visual impairment and can be modeled by optic nerve transection, which causes the death of 90% of RGCs within 14 days postaxotomy. We performed a proteomic study to identify and quantify proteins in the rat retina after optic nerve transection. O...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/iovs.11-8350
更新日期:2012-06-26 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Macular pigment (MP) may protect against age-related macular degeneration. This study was conducted to determine the extent of changes in the macular pigment density as a consequence of oral supplementation with lutein. A second purpose was to compare two objective measurement techniques. METHODS:In the first ...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To determine whether the lipid peroxidation inhibitor tirilazad mesylate can block the death of retinal ganglion cells induced by the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. METHODS:Rat retinal ganglion cells were labeled retrogradely with the fluorescent tracer DiI, and mixed cultures were pre...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The transport rates of radiolabeled ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid, as well as, labeled 3-O-methyl-D-glucose and L-glucose from a central plasma compartment into aqueous and vitreous humors and cerebrospinal fluid were studied in vivo. Normal, male albino Sprague-Dawley rats and English Short Haired guinea pig...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Q-switched neodymium-YAG (infrared) laser lesions at energies up to and including retinal hemorrhages were placed under visual control in the parafovea and the fovea of anesthetized monkeys. Visual-evoked potential (VEP) data were obtained by parallel analog (vector voltmeter) techniques from scalp electrodes in respo...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1992-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Age-related macular degeneration is a common form of vision loss affecting older adults. The etiology of AMD is multifactorial and is influenced by environmental and genetic risk factors. In this study, we examine how 19 common risk variants contribute to drusen progression, a hallmark of AMD pathogenesis. MET...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/iovs.15-18571
更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Contact inhibition has been implicated as an important antiproliferative mechanism in developing and mature corneal endothelium. Although exogenous TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta2 in aqueous humor suppress S-phase entry in cultured rat corneal endothelial cells, it is not known whether TGF-beta2 contributes to the mito...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To determine which components present in oxidized LDL are responsible for the cytotoxicity associated with its internalization by culture ARPE19 cells. METHODS:ARPE19 cells were grown in 24-well and 96-well plates. Cell viability was measured by MTT and/or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content. LDL was oxidized...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0075
更新日期:2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To assess the diagnostic validity of a fully automated image analysis algorithm of in vivo confocal microscopy images in quantifying corneal subbasal nerves to diagnose diabetic neuropathy. METHODS:One hundred eighty-six patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1/T2DM) and 55 age-matched controls un...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/iovs.13-13787
更新日期:2014-04-03 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To investigate the function of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a matricellular protein of the CCN (Cyr61/CTGF/Nov) family, in retinal vasculature during development and ischemia. METHODS:CTGF expression was determined using RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and transgenic mice carrying CTGF promoter-driven...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/iovs.11-7870
更新日期:2011-11-07 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:This study was conducted to investigate metabolic changes in aqueous humor from rabbit eyes exposed to either UV-A or -B radiation, by using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and unsupervised pattern recognition METHODS:methods. Both eyes of adult albino rabbits were irradiated with UV-A (366 ...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0787
更新日期:2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:The chemokine receptor CX3CR1 is expressed by monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. CX3CR1 mediates leukocyte migration and adhesion in homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Mice lacking Cx3cr1 have altered distribution and function of DC subpopulations in some tissue microenvironments. The...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/iovs.07-0953
更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:The virulence of any given strain of herpes simplex virus (HSV) is probably due to the effects of the constellation of genes in that strain and how they act in concert to promote disease. The goal of this work was to develop a system to identify and study the role of multiple genes in HSV disease. METHODS:Mixe...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/iovs.02-1105
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover and remodeling are initiated, at least in part, by the regulated secretion of members of a family of matrix metalloproteinases. Human and bovine trabecular mesh-work in culture secrete interstitial collagenase, both the 72- and the 92-kD forms of type IV collagenase (gelatinases) an...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ocular toxicity of liposome-intercalated amphotericin B and commercial amphotericin B were compared after intravitreal injection in healthy pigmented rabbits. Ophthalmoscopic observations over 5 weeks following a single intravitreal injection showed vitreal band formation and focal retinal damage after doses of co...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1985-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Subretinal fibrosis causes damage to visual acuity, especially if the lesion is in the macula, as is frequently observed in advanced age-related macular degeneration. Exudate leukocytes form abnormal vessels that initiate regional inflammation accompanied with local glial proliferation and matrix production. Th...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/iovs.10-5189
更新日期:2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Recoverin has been identified as a target autoantigen for antirecoverin antibodies found in the sera of some patients with cancer-associated retinopathy. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of antirecoverin antibodies in cancer-associated retinopathy. METHODS:Human, rat, and rabbit antirecoverin ...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Levels of some cytokines are significantly higher in the vitreous fluid of patients with acute uveitis than in normal vitreous fluid. The authors sought to determine which proinflammatory cytokines were upregulated in the vitreous fluid of patients with ocular sarcoidosis. METHODS:Samples of vitreous fluid wer...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/iovs.11-9244
更新日期:2012-06-20 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:We investigated the mechanism of tamoxifen (TAM) retinotoxicity using human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE)-derived (ARPE-19) and photoreceptor-derived (661W) cells. METHODS:Cultured ARPE-19 and 661W cells were treated with 5 to 10 μM TAM, and the resultant cell death was quantified using lactate dehydrogenas...
journal_title:Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/iovs.12-9827
更新日期:2012-08-09 00:00:00