Abstract:
:Crop yields increased dramatically in the 20th century as recorded on Broadbalk or in world averages. The vast majority of that increase has occurred since the last world war and has been powered by changes in the genetic potential of the crop and in the way in which it has been managed. Nevertheless, the challenge to feed a world population that is likely to rise to 8 billion is formidable, particularly since recent analyses suggest that the rate of increase in yields of several crops may have dropped over the last decade. What are the opportunities to meet this challenge and to continue to improve the yields of our crops? Improvements in agronomy are likely to be more concerned with efficiency and elegance rather than in major breakthroughs. More sophisticated crop protection chemicals designed on the basis of vastly increased screening potentials and (at last?) possibilities of rational design will be supplemented by a battery of decision support systems to aid management choices which can be precisely implemented. Genetic improvement is the area in which to-look for the major breakthroughs. The broad potential of recombinant DNA technology will provide the possibility of both molecular analyses of crop productivity and ways in which it may be possible to improve that productivity. The goal of analysis may be approached in three ways: starting at the beginning by generating complete sequences of the plant genome; starting at the end by genetic analysis of phenotypes using genetic marker technology; or, starting in the middle, by metabolic analysis. Improvements may be obtained by re-assorting what has been achieved through enhanced breeding technologies, by randomly induced change, and by generation of totally new possibilities through biochemical engineering. Examples of all approaches will be given. The onset of genomics will provide massive amounts of information, but the success will depend on using that to improve crop phenotypes. The ability to meet the challenges of the 21st century will depend on the ability to close that 'phenotype gap'.
journal_name
J Exp Botjournal_title
Journal of experimental botanyauthors
Miflin Bkeywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-01-01 00:00:00pages
1-8issue
342eissn
0022-0957issn
1460-2431journal_volume
51pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a widespread phenomenon in flowering plants caused by mitochondrial (mt) genes. CMS genes typically encode novel proteins that interfere with mt functions and can be silenced by nuclear fertility-restorer genes. Although the molecular basis of CMS is well established in a number of ...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erx057
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The two-fold purpose of this work is, first, to review current hypotheses for multiple paths of sugar-sensing in an oxygen-responsive context, and second, to present evidence for the extent of sugar/oxygen overlap regulating genes for sucrose and ethanol metabolism. Current data indicate that sugar signals in plants m...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/jexbot/51.suppl_1.417
更新日期:2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tortula ruralis (Syntrichia ruralis) is a useful model system for the study of gene control in response to severe water deficit-stress. EST gene discovery efforts utilizing desiccated gametophytes have identified two cDNAs designated Elipa and Elipb with significant similarity to early light-inducible proteins (ELIPs)...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jexbot/53.371.1197
更新日期:2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::FRIGIDA (FRI), as the major regulator of flowering time in Arabidopsis accessions, can activate its target FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) to delay flowering before vernalization. In addition to FLC, other FRI targets also exist in Arabidopsis. Although leaves sense environmental cues to modulate flowering time, it is not kno...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erz287
更新日期:2019-10-15 00:00:00
abstract::Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive nitrogen species have emerged as crucial signalling and regulatory molecules across all organisms. In plants, fungi and fungi-like oomycetes, NO is involved in the regulation of multiple processes during their growth, development, reproduction, responses to the external environment and b...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/eraa596
更新日期:2020-12-24 00:00:00
abstract::While many C4 lineages have Kranz anatomy around individual veins, Salsoleae have evolved the Salsoloid Kranz anatomy where a continuous dual layer of chlorenchyma cells encloses the vascular and water-storage tissue. With the aim of elucidating the evolution of C4 photosynthesis in Salsoleae, a broadly sampled molecu...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erw432
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Charles Darwin made extensive observations of the pollination biology of a wide variety of plants. He carefully documented the consequences of self-pollination and described species that were self-sterile but that could easily be crossed with other plants of the same species. He believed that compatibility was control...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/jxb/erp024
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The timing of seed germination is crucial for seed plants and is coordinated by internal and external cues, reflecting adaptations to different habitats. Physiological and molecular studies with lettuce and Arabidopsis thaliana have documented a strict requirement for light to initiate germination and identified many ...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erz146
更新日期:2019-06-28 00:00:00
abstract::In this study, the uptake of Na+ into the cytosol of rice (Oryza sativa L. cvs Pokkali and BRRI Dhan29) protoplasts was measured using the acetoxy methyl ester of the fluorescent sodium-binding benzofuran isopthalate, SBFI-AM, and fluorescence microscopy. By means of inhibitor analyses the mechanisms for uptake and se...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/eri312
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aerial portion of a plant, namely the leaf, is inhabited by pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes. The leaf's physical and chemical properties, combined with fluctuating and often challenging environmental factors, create surfaces that require a high degree of adaptation for microbial colonization. As a consequen...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/eraa417
更新日期:2021-01-20 00:00:00
abstract::The last steps of cysteine biosynthesis are catalysed by a bi-enzyme complex composed of serine acetyltransferase (SAT) and cysteine synthase, also called O-acetyl-serine (thiol) lyase (OASTL). SAT is responsible for the production of O-acetyl-serine (OAS) from serine and acetyl-coenzyme A, while OASTL catalyses the f...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/jxb/erh151
更新日期:2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Plant growth and development are ensured through networks of complex regulatory schemes. Genetic approaches have been invaluable in dissecting these regulatory pathways. This study reports the isolation of a semi-dominant dwarf mutant designated abnormal shoot1-1 dominant (abs1-1D) through an Arabidopsis T-DNA activat...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/ers227
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The lipid-derived phytohormone jasmonate (JA) regulates plant growth, development, secondary metabolism, defense against insect attack and pathogen infection, and tolerance to abiotic stresses such as wounding, UV light, salt, and drought. JA was first identified in 1962, and since the 1980s many studies have analyzed...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/jxb/erw443
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Research into the molecular basis of plant-insect interactions is hampered by the inability to alter the expression of individual genes in plants growing under natural conditions. The ability of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to silence the expression of two jasmonate-induced genes known to mediate the expression...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erh004
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The control of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) germination by plant hormones was studied by comparing fruits and seeds. Treatment of sugar beet fruits and seeds with gibberellins, brassinosteroids, auxins, cytokinins, and jasmonates or corresponding hormone biosynthesis inhibitors did not appreciably affect radicle emer...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erm162
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antisense- or RNAi-mediated suppression of the biosynthesis of nutritionally inferior storage proteins is a promising strategy for improving the amino acid profile of seeds. However, the potential pleiotropic effects of this on interconnected pathways and the agronomic quality traits need to be addressed. In the curre...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erm254
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sexual reproduction in higher plants uses pollination, involving interactions between pollen and pistil. Self-incompatibility (SI) prevents self-fertilization, providing an important mechanism to promote outbreeding. SI is controlled by the S-locus; discrimination occurs between incompatible pollen, which is rejected,...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/jxb/erm195
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Xylans are the most abundant non-cellulosic polysaccharide found in plant cell walls. A diverse range of xylan structures influence tissue function during growth and development. Despite the abundance of xylans in nature, details of the genes and biochemical pathways controlling their biosynthesis are lacking. In this...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erw424
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is commonly grown for oil or bio-fuel production, while the seed residues can be used for animal feed. It can also be grown as a catch crop because of its efficiency in extracting mineral N from the soil profile. However, the N harvest index is usually low, due in part to a low ability...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present study assesses light-induced variations in phenolic compounds in leaves of saplings of two co-occurring temperate species (Acer platanoides L., and Fraxinus excelsior L.) along a light gradient using a new non-invasive optical method (Dualex). The Dualex-derived UV absorbance of leaf epidermis (the sum of ...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erm030
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Virus-induced flowering (VIF) exploits RNA or DNA viruses to express flowering time genes to induce flowering in plants. Such plant virus-based tools have recently attracted widespread attention for their fundamental and applied uses in flowering physiology and in accelerating breeding in dicotyledonous crops and wood...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/eraa080
更新日期:2020-05-30 00:00:00
abstract::The P1B ATPase heavy metal ATPase 4 (HMA4) is responsible for zinc and cadmium translocation from roots to shoots in Arabidopsis thaliana. It couples ATP hydrolysis to cytosolic domain movements, enabling metal transport across the membrane. The detailed mechanism of metal permeation by HMA4 through the membrane remai...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/ery353
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Coffee (Coffea spp.), a globally traded commodity, is a slow-growing tropical tree species that displays an improved photosynthetic performance when grown under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]). To investigate the mechanisms underlying this response, two commercial coffee cultivars (Catuaí and Obatã) we...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erv463
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rapid changes in turgor pressure (P:) and temperature (T:) are giving new information about the mechanisms of plant growth. In the present work, single internode cells of the large-celled alga Chara corallina were used as a model for plant growth. P was changed without altering the chemical environment of the wall whi...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jexbot/51.350.1481
更新日期:2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Collections of specimens held by natural history museums are invaluable material for biodiversity inventory and evolutionary studies, with specimens accumulated over 300 years readily available for sampling. Unfortunately, most museum specimens yield low-quality DNA. Recent advances in sequencing technologies, so call...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/eru395
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In recent years, post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins has emerged as a key process that integrates plant growth and response to a changing environment. During the processes of domestication and breeding, plants were selected for various yield and adaptational characteristics. The post-translational modifi...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/ery222
更新日期:2018-08-31 00:00:00
abstract::Plants resistant to aluminium (Al) stress were isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana enhancer-tagged mutant lines. Compared with the parental Col-7 control line, one of the resistant candidates, #355-2, showed a higher expression of the F9E10.5 gene (At1g75100) on chromosome 1, a lower Al content in whole roots, and a sh...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erl221
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Zinc (Zn), an essential nutrient in cells, plays a vital role in controlling cellular processes such as growth, development, and differentiation. Although the mechanisms of Zn translocation in rice plants (Oryza sativa) are not fully understood, it has recently received increased interest. OsZIP4 is a Zn transporter t...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erm147
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Phalaenopsis orchids are among the most valuable potted flowering crops commercially produced throughout the world because of their long flower life and ease of crop scheduling to meet specific market dates. During commercial production, Phalaenopsis are usually grown at an air temperature > or =28 degrees C to inhibi...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jxb/erl176
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intact coconuts were germinated in situ and compared with excised zygotic embryos germinated in vitro. The growth of the embryonic tissue and their fatty acid compositions were measured. Haustoria, plumules and radicles of coconuts germinated in situ grew continuously and proportionately throughout the 120 d experimen...
journal_title:Journal of experimental botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/jexbot/52.358.933
更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00