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Traumatic brain injury induced by exposure to blast overpressure via ear canal.

Abstract：

:Exposure to explosive shockwave often leads to blast-induced traumatic brain injury in military and civilian populations. Unprotected ears are most often damaged following exposure to blasts. Although there is an association between tympanic membrane perforation and TBI in blast exposure victims, little is known about how and to what extent blast energy is transmitted to the central nervous system via the external ear canal. The present study investigated whether exposure to blasts directed through the ear canal causes brain injury in Long-Evans rats. Animals were exposed to a single blast (0-30 pounds per square inch (psi)) through the ear canal, and brain injury was evaluated by histological and behavioral outcomes at multiple time-points. Blast exposure not only caused tympanic membrane perforation but also produced substantial neuropathological changes in the brain, including increased expression of c-Fos, induction of a profound chronic neuroinflammatory response, and apoptosis of neurons. The blast-induced injury was not limited only to the brainstem most proximal to the source of the blast, but also affected the forebrain including the hippocampus, amygdala and the habenula, which are all involved in cognitive functions. Indeed, the animals exhibited long-term neurological deficits, including signs of anxiety in open field tests 2 months following blast exposure, and impaired learning and memory in an 8-arm maze 12 months following blast exposure. These results suggest that the unprotected ear canal provides a locus for blast waves to cause TBI. This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Mississippi Medical Center (Animal protocol# 0932E, approval date: September 30, 2016 and 0932F, approval date: September 27, 2019).

journal_name

Neural Regen Res

journal_title

Neural regeneration research

authors

Ou Y,Clifton BA,Li J,Sandlin D,Li N,Wu L,Zhang C,Chen T,Huang J,Yu Y,Allison J,Fan F,Roman RJ,Shaffery J,Zhou W,Pang Y,Zhu H

doi

10.4103/1673-5374.314311

keywords:

["Q2","R364","anxiety","blast","ear","ear protection","learning","memory","microglia","neuroinflammation","neuron","rat","traumatic brain injury\nChinese Library Classification No. R441"]

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2022-01-01 00:00:00

pages

115-121

issue

1

eissn

1673-5374

issn

1876-7958

pii

NeuralRegenRes_2022_17_1_115_314311

journal_volume

17

pub_type

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