Abstract:
:There is a sexual dimorphism in blood pressure: men tend to have higher blood pressures than women with functional ovaries, whereas ovariectomy or menopause tends to abolish the sexual dimorphism and cause women to develop a "male" pattern of blood pressure. Synthetic estrogens and progestins, found in oral contraceptives, tend to elevate blood pressure, whereas naturally occurring estrogens, used in postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy, lower it or have no effect. Women are more likely than men to be aware of their hypertension, to be treated with antihypertensive drugs, and to have their blood pressure controlled. Antihypertensive therapy induces similar blood pressure reductions in men and women. However, men experience larger reductions in total cardiovascular risk with successful treatment of high blood pressure, because their absolute risk of coronary events at baseline is so much higher. Special considerations that can dictate antihypertensive treatment choices for women include increased vulnerability to the adverse effects of some drugs, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced cough, calcium channel blocker-induced edema, and minoxidil-induced hirsutism. Beta-adrenergic blockers tend to be less effective in women than in men, and diuretics are particularly useful in women because they protect against hip fracture. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are contraindicated during pregnancy or if pregnancy is planned because of the risk of fetal developmental abnormalities.
journal_name
Cardiol Revjournal_title
Cardiology in reviewauthors
Calhoun DA,Oparil Sdoi
10.1097/00045415-199811000-00012keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1998-11-01 00:00:00pages
356-363issue
6eissn
1061-5377issn
1538-4683journal_volume
6pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a heart disease characterized by hypertrophy of the left ventricular myocardium and is most often caused by mutations in sarcomere genes. The structural and functional abnormalities are not explained by flow-limiting coronary artery disease or loading conditions. The disease affect...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/CRD.0000000000000184
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a multifactorial disease with genetic risk factors and an immunologic component. Immune cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, B- and T- lymphocytes, along with vascular smooth muscle cells and adventitial fibroblasts, produce cytokines and enzymes, promoting an inflammator...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/CRD.0b013e3181b04698
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is growing evidence that inflammatory processes may be involved in the development of atherosclerosis and its complications. Viral and bacterial pathogens have been implicated as possible causative factors in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and postangioplasty restenosis. Antibiotic trials have been ...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00045415-200207000-00004
更新日期:2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cardiovascular magnetic resonance using late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) provides a unique opportunity to assess myocardial tissue in vivo. LGE enables tissue characterization in ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathies and other cardiac diseases. LGE is associated with adverse clinical outcomes across a range of di...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/CRD.0000000000000002
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disorder with a poor prognosis. It is characterized by sustained elevation of pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). It is defined hemodynamically by a mean PAP over 25 mm Hg, a pulmonary arterial wedge pressure of 15 mm Hg or les...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/01.crd.0000240529.49704.2e
更新日期:2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cholesterol metabolism and transport has been a major focus in cardiovascular disease risk modification over the past several decades. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) have been the most commonly used agents, with the greatest benefit in reducing both the primary and secondary risks of cardiova...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/CRD.0000000000000245
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reverse redistribution is a well-known pattern found when performing thallium myocardial scintigraphy, and it has been implicated as an indicator of myocardial ischemia. Much more rarely, when using technetium compounds, which do not redistribute, a similar pattern is noted after the second injection of the radiotrace...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/01.crd.0000115927.76990.25
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The field of durable left ventricular assist devices has advanced dramatically since its introduction into the clinical realm. From the first-generation pulsatile HeartMate XVE device to the second-generation continuous axial flow HeartMate-2 to the current third-generation centrifugal flow devices, the left ventricul...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/CRD.0000000000000268
更新日期:2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Differences in the overall mortality for acute infarction in women vs men have been appreciated for some time. Some of these differences are based on the age at the time of presentation of women compared with men. Excess mortality in women is most clear at the younger end of the age spectrum. More careful examination ...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00045415-200008040-00009
更新日期:2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia with significant morbidity and public health cost. Because of limitations of efficacy and safety of conventional antiarrhythmic agents, alternative therapies for AF are needed. The potential antiarrhythmic properties of lipid-altering therapy, including the 3-hyd...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/CRD.0b013e318177271d
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is a sequela of a number of disparate diseases, often with a fatal consequence. Endothelial dysfunction is considered to be an early event during the development of PAH. Impaired availability of bioactive nitric oxide (NO) is a key underlying feature in most forms of clinical and ex...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/01.crd.0000249381.49138.b9
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Endothelin is a potent vasoconstrictor substance that also can exert proliferative, inflammatory, and fibrotic changes in blood vessels and other organs. It acts on tissues in a paracrine and autocrine fashion, with local production and regulation occurring in both endothelial and nonendothelial cells. Endothelin stim...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/CRD.0b013e3181aa8f4a
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intensive glycemic control significantly increases the risk of hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus. Recent data have shown that hypoglycemia may also be a marker of cardiovascular disease in these patients. We performed a systemic review and a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between severe hypog...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/CRD.0000000000000276
更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (AICDs) were implanted in 378 men and 95 women, mean age 69 +/- 12 years. At 3.6-year follow up, survival was 76% in patients who had an AICD because of cardiac arrest as a result of ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia not resulting from a transient or ...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/01.crd.0000128728.49766.3f
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 1992, Brugada and Brugada reported a distinct subgroup of patients with episodes of "idiopathic"polymorphic ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation characterized by a unique electrocardiographic (ECG) pattern, which consisted of right bundle branch block and ST-segment elevation from V1 to V2-V3. As in ...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00045415-199907000-00010
更新日期:1999-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cryptogenic stroke (CS) accounts for 20% to 40% of ischemic strokes. CS is defined as a cortical infarct suggestive of an embolic stroke with no identifiable cardiac etiology, large vessel occlusive disease, or small vessel lacunar stroke. The likely etiologies for CS are patent foramen ovale (PFO) and paroxysmal atri...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/CRD.0000000000000073
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The presence of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in pregnancy is rare and signifies a high-risk pregnancy. Although the majority of mothers have knowledge of their condition before pregnancy, approximately one-third of patients are diagnosed during pregnancy. Termination of pregnancy should be discussed, and is o...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/CRD.0b013e318275cf01
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Relaxin, a naturally-occurring hormone in the insulin family, was discovered to have a physiologic role in pregnancy. Named initially for its relaxing effect on the pubic ligament, relaxin receptors have since been found to be widely distributed in many organs in both males and females. Acting through multiple pathway...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/CRD.0b013e3181f493e3
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite recent advances in the management of chronic heart failure (CHF), the prognosis of many of these patients remains dire. The need for an accurate prognosis in these patients has led to the identification of several indicators purported to represent the impact of the disease. Such indicators often are obtained a...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/CRD.0b013e3181c4ae0c
更新日期:2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::This literature review examines the association of social and psychologic characteristics among women with a) the risk of developing coronary heart disease and b) prognosis and recovery after disease has become manifest. Studies of psychosocial risk factors are often conflicting. These divergent findings can result fr...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1998-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Primary pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale represent forms of precapillary pulmonary hypertension due to intrinsic lung disease. In the case of primary pulmonary hypertension, this is due to disease of the pulmonary vasculature while cor pulmonale is related to diseases of the pulmonary vasculature, airways, or ...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00045415-200209000-00003
更新日期:2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Established coronary artery disease has a prevalence of 7% in adult Americans, accounting for 16 million people. As morbidity and mortality rates have risen, research efforts to identify the pathophysiologic mechanisms of systolic dysfunction have risen in parallel. The current goal is to develop new therapeutic strat...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/CRD.0000000000000024
更新日期:2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Spontaneous nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Given the risk of rapid neurological deterioration, early identification with rapid neuroimaging is vital. Predictors of outcome, such as spot sign and intracerebral hemorrhage score, can help guide management goals. Man...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/CRD.0000000000000332
更新日期:2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Computed tomography is an established tool in the assessment of cardiac anatomy and function. As demonstrated by single photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance, the noninvasive evaluation of coronary hemodynamics is an important step in guiding clinical management. Nev...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/CRD.0000000000000242
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Renovascular hypertension caused by renal artery stenosis accounts for a small portion of overall hypertension but remains important as the most common potentially curable form of high blood pressure. Diagnosis depends on developing an index of suspicion for renovascular hypertension based on the history and physical ...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00045415-200008010-00005
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acute pericarditis (AP) is basically a clinical diagnosis. Although specific electrocardiographic (ECG) manifestations may indeed point to its diagnosis, sole reliance on such findings in isolation of the clinical setting, however, is often the common pitfall that could lead to a misguided diagnosis. We briefly review...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/01.crd.0000210645.89717.34
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the most common cardiac valvular disease in the United States. Approximately 4 million people have severe MR and roughly 250,000 new diagnoses of MR are made each year. Mitral valve surgery is the only treatment that prevents progression of heart failure and provides sustained symptomatic ...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/CRD.0000000000000036
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Heart failure continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the United States. The pathophysiology of heart failure involves the activation of complex neurohormonal pathways, many of which mediate not only hypertrophy and fibrosis within ventricular myocardium and interstitium, but also activat...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/CRD.0000000000000094
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Eisenmenger syndrome is characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and right-to-left shunting of blood through a systemic to pulmonary circulation connection. Treatment requires either lung transplantation with intracardiac repair or heart-lung transplantation. There are inadequate data regarding treatmen...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/01.crd.0000181618.29506.1e
更新日期:2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disabling chronic disorder of the pulmonary vasculature, which is characterized by increased pulmonary artery pressure as a result of increased pulmonary vascular resistance. The pathology of PAH is characterized by pulmonary vascular vasoconstriction, smooth muscle cell prol...
journal_title:Cardiology in review
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/CRD.0b013e3181d4e921
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00