The specification of dorsal cell fates in the vertebrate central nervous system.

abstract：:The topographic assembly of neural circuits is dependent upon the generation of specific neuronal subtypes, each subtype displaying unique properties that direct the formation of selective connections with appropriate target cells. Studies of motor neuron development in the spinal cord have begun to elucidate the mole...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Shirasaki R,Pfaff SL

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Zinc is an essential catalytic or structural element of many proteins, and a signaling messenger that is released by neural activity at many central excitatory synapses. Growing evidence suggests that zinc may also be a key mediator and modulator of the neuronal death associated with transient global ischemia and sust...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Choi DW,Koh JY

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The genetic approach, based on the study of inherited forms of deafness, has proven to be particularly effective for deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of the peripheral auditory system, the cochlea and its afferent auditory neurons, and how this system extracts the physical parameters of ...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Michalski N,Petit C

更新日期：2019-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Human studies in the past three decades have provided us with an emerging understanding of how cortical and spinal networks collaborate to ensure the vast repertoire of human behaviors. Humans have direct cortical connections to spinal motoneurons, which bypass spinal interneurons and exert a direct (willful) muscle c...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Nielsen JB

更新日期：2016-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:In this review, I discuss current knowledge and outstanding questions on the neuromodulators that influence aggressive behavior of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. I first present evidence that Drosophila exchange information during an agonistic interaction and choose appropriate actions based on this informatio...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Asahina K

更新日期：2017-07-25 00:00:00

abstract：:Binocular disparity provides the visual system with information concerning the three-dimensional layout of the environment. Recent physiological studies in the primary visual cortex provide a successful account of the mechanisms by which single neurons are able to signal disparity. This work also reveals that addition...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Cumming BG,DeAngelis GC

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A prerequisite for the maintenance of homeostasis in a living organism is fine-tuned communication between different cells. The majority of extracellular signaling molecules, such as hormones and neurotransmitters, interact with a three-protein transmembrane signaling system consisting of a receptor, a G protein, and ...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Gudermann T,Schöneberg T,Schultz G

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) requires the proper formation of exquisitely precise circuits to function correctly. These neuronal circuits are assembled during development by the formation of synaptic connections between thousands of differentiating neurons. Proper synapse formation during childhood provi...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： McAllister AK

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Supervised learning plays a key role in the operation of many biological and artificial neural networks. Analysis of the computations underlying supervised learning is facilitated by the relatively simple and uniform architecture of the cerebellum, a brain area that supports numerous motor, sensory, and cognitive func...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Raymond JL,Medina JF

更新日期：2018-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder that results primarily from the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Although the etiology of PD is incompletely understood, the recent discovery of genes associated with rare monogenic forms of the disease, together with e...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Moore DJ,West AB,Dawson VL,Dawson TM

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Elucidating the roles of neuronal cell types for physiology and behavior is essential for understanding brain functions. Perturbation of neuron electrical activity can be used to probe the causal relationship between neuronal cell types and behavior. New genetically encoded neuron perturbation tools have been develope...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Sternson SM,Roth BL

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The primate retina is an exciting focus in neuroscience, where recent data from molecular genetics, adaptive optics, anatomy, and physiology, together with measures of human visual performance, are converging to provide new insights into the retinal origins of color vision. Trichromatic color vision begins when the im...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Dacey DM

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mutations in over 70 genes now define biological pathways leading to epilepsy, an episodic dysrhythmia of the cerebral cortex marked by abnormal network synchronization. Some of the inherited errors destabilize neuronal signaling by inflicting primary disorders of membrane excitability and synaptic transmission, where...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Noebels JL

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Classical neurotransmitters are synthesized in the cytoplasm, so they require transport into secretory vesicles for regulated exocytotic release. Previous work has identified distinct vesicular transport activities for the different classical transmitters, and all depend on the H+-electrochemical gradient across the v...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Liu Y,Edwards RH

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rhythmicity is a universal timing mechanism in the brain, and the rhythmogenic mechanisms are generally dynamic. This is illustrated for the neuronal control of breathing, a behavior that occurs as a one-, two-, or three-phase rhythm. Each breath is assembled stochastically, and increasing evidence suggests that each ...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Ramirez JM,Baertsch NA

更新日期：2018-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Medications, psychotherapy, and other treatments are effective for many patients with psychiatric disorders. However, with currently available interventions, a substantial number of patients experience incomplete resolution of symptoms, and relapse rates are high. In the search for better treatments, increasing intere...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Holtzheimer PE,Mayberg HS

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mammals can discriminate among a large number (> 10,000) of unique odorants. The most highly supported explanation for this ability is that olfactory neurons express a large number of seven transmembrane receptors that are not spatially organized at the level of the olfactory epithelium, but whose axonal projections f...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Gibson AD,Garbers DL

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:According to embodied cognition theories, higher cognitive abilities depend on the reenactment of sensory and motor representations. In the first part of this review, we critically analyze the central claims of embodied theories and argue that the existing behavioral and neuroimaging data do not allow investigators to...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Caramazza A,Anzellotti S,Strnad L,Lingnau A

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The central nervous system (CNS) is arguably one of the most complex systems in the universe. To understand the CNS, scientists have investigated a variety of molecules, including proteins, lipids, and various small molecules. However, one large class of molecules, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), has been relatively unexplor...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Cao X,Yeo G,Muotri AR,Kuwabara T,Gage FH

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Quantitative differences are observed for most complex behavioral and pharmacological traits within any population. Both environmental and genetic influences regulate such individual differences. The mouse has proven to be a superb model in which to investigate the genetic basis for quantitative differences in complex...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Wehner JM,Radcliffe RA,Bowers BJ

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neuroimaging, especially BOLD fMRI, has begun to identify how variability in brain function contributes to individual differences in complex behavioral traits. In parallel, pharmacological fMRI and multimodal PET/fMRI are identifying how variability in molecular signaling pathways influences individual differences in ...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Hariri AR

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neurotrophins are a family of growth factors critical for the development and functioning of the nervous system. Although originally identified as neuronal survival factors, neurotrophins elicit many biological effects, ranging from proliferation to synaptic modulation to axonal pathfinding. Recent data indicate that ...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Segal RA

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Muscarinic signaling affects attention, action selection, learning, and memory through multiple signaling cascades, which act at different timescales and which alter ion channels in cell type-specific manners. The effects of muscarinic signaling differ between cortical layers and between brain areas. Muscarinic signal...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Thiele A

更新日期：2013-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Many ion channels and receptors display striking phenotypes for gain-of-function mutations but milder phenotypes for null mutations. Gain of molecular function can have several mechanistic bases: selectivity changes, gating changes including constitutive activation and slowed inactivation, elimination of a subunit tha...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Lester HA,Karschin A

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Synaptic plasticity, the activity-dependent change in neuronal connection strength, has long been considered an important component of learning and memory. Computational and engineering work corroborate the power of learning through the directed adjustment of connection weights. Here we review the fundamental elements...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Magee JC,Grienberger C

更新日期：2020-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:The neocortex is found only in mammals, and the fossil record is silent on how this soft tissue evolved. Understanding neocortex evolution thus devolves to a search for candidate homologous neocortex traits in the extant nonmammalian amniotes. The difficulty is that homology is based on similarity, and the six-layered...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Dugas-Ford J,Ragsdale CW

更新日期：2015-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Scientists have been fascinated by the human brain for centuries, yet knowledge of the cellular and molecular events that build the human brain during embryogenesis and of how abnormalities in this process lead to neurological disease remains very superficial. In particular, the lack of experimental models for a proce...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Velasco S,Paulsen B,Arlotta P

更新日期：2020-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:The brain, which represents 2% of body mass but consumes 20% of body energy at rest, has a limited capacity to store energy and is therefore highly dependent on oxygen and glucose supply from the blood stream. Normal functioning of neural circuits thus relies on adequate matching between metabolic needs and blood supp...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Andreone BJ,Lacoste B,Gu C

更新日期：2015-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are essential mediators of signal transduction, neurotransmission, ion channel regulation, and other cellular events. GPCRs are activated by diverse stimuli, including light, enzymatic processing of their N-termini, and binding of proteins, peptides, or small molecules such as neuro...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Palczewski K,Orban T

更新日期：2013-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Odor signals received by odorant receptors (ORs) expressed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the olfactory epithelium (OE) are represented as an odor map in the olfactory bulb (OB). In the mouse, there are ~1,000 different OR species, and each OSN expresses only one functional OR gene in a monoallelic manner. Fur...

journal_title：Annual review of neuroscience

authors： Mori K,Sakano H

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00