Abstract:
OBJECTIVE:To estimate trends between 1972-6 and 1996 in the prevalences of asthma and hay fever in adults. DESIGN:Two epidemiological surveys 20 years apart. Identical questions were asked about asthma, hay fever, and respiratory symptoms at each survey. SETTING:Renfrew and Paisley, two towns in the west of Scotland. SUBJECTS:1,477 married couples aged 45-64 participated in a general population survey in 1972-6; and 2,338 offspring aged 30-59 participated in a 1996 survey. Prevalences were compared in 1,708 parents and 1,124 offspring aged 45-54. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Prevalences of asthma, hay fever, and respiratory symptoms. RESULTS:In never smokers, age and sex standardised prevalences of asthma and hay fever were 3.0% and 5.8% respectively in 1972-6, and 8.2% and 19. 9% in 1996. In ever smokers, the corresponding values were 1.6% and 5.4% in 1972-6 and 5.3% and 15.5% in 1996. In both generations, the prevalence of asthma was higher in those who reported hay fever (atopic asthma). In never smokers, reports of wheeze not labelled as asthma were about 10 times more common in 1972-6 than in 1996. With a broader definition of asthma (asthma and/or wheeze), to minimise diagnostic bias, the overall prevalence of asthma changed little. However, diagnostic bias mainly affected non-atopic asthma. Atopic asthma increased more than twofold (prevalence ratio 2.52 (95% confidence interval 1.01 to 6.28)) whereas the prevalence of non-atopic asthma did not change (1.00 (0.53 to 1.90)). CONCLUSION:The prevalence of asthma in adults has increased more than twofold in 20 years, largely in association with trends in atopy, as measured indirectly by the prevalence of hay fever. No evidence was found for an increase in diagnostic awareness being responsible for the trend in atopic asthma, but increased awareness may account for trends in non-atopic asthma.
journal_name
BMJjournal_title
BMJ (Clinical research ed.)authors
Upton MN,McConnachie A,McSharry C,Hart CL,Smith GD,Gillis CR,Watt GCdoi
10.1136/bmj.321.7253.88keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-07-08 00:00:00pages
88-92issue
7253eissn
0959-8138issn
1756-1833journal_volume
321pub_type
杂志文章abstract:OBJECTIVES:To estimate the prevalence and incidence of divorce among US physicians compared with other healthcare professionals, lawyers, and non-healthcare professionals, and to analyze factors associated with divorce among physicians. DESIGN:Retrospective analysis of nationally representative surveys conducted by th...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.h706
更新日期:2015-02-18 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the risk of bias associated with missing outcome data in systematic reviews. DESIGN:Imputation study. SETTING:Systematic reviews. POPULATION:100 systematic reviews that included a group level meta-analysis with a statistically significant effect on a patient important dichotomous efficacy outcome...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/bmj.m2898
更新日期:2020-08-26 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate explanations for social inequalities in health with respect to health related social mobility and cumulative socioeconomic circumstances over the first three decades of life. DESIGN:Longitudinal follow up. SETTING:Great Britain. SUBJECTS:Data from the 1958 birth cohort study (all children bo...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7055.449
更新日期:1996-08-24 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine prevalence of HIV infection and drug injecting behaviour among inmates of Glenochil Prison on a specified date a year after an outbreak of hepatitis B and HIV infection. DESIGN:Cross sectional: voluntary, anonymous HIV salivary antibody surveillance and linked self completion questionnaire on ri...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.310.6975.293
更新日期:1995-02-04 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess oesophageal Doppler ultrasonography as a convenient means of optimising positive end expiratory pressure for maximal delivery of oxygen to tissues. DESIGN:Measurements of blood flow, arterial oxygen saturation, and cardiac output by thermodilution (when available) at baseline and at 20-30 minutes a...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.298.6684.1350
更新日期:1989-05-20 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To describe the experiences of authors of Cochrane reviews in searching for, getting access to, and using unpublished data. DESIGN:Cross sectional study. SETTING:Cochrane reviews. PARTICIPANTS:2184 corresponding authors of Cochrane reviews as of May 2012. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:Frequencies of responses to o...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.f2231
更新日期:2013-04-23 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To compare the costs of admission to a hospital at home scheme with those of acute hospital admission. DESIGN:Cost minimisation analysis within a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. SETTING:Hospital at home scheme in Leicester and the city's three acute hospitals. PARTICIPANTS:199 consecutive patients ...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7224.1547
更新日期:1999-12-11 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To investigate whether the use of graduated compression stockings (GCS) offers any adjuvant benefit when pharmaco-thromboprophylaxis is used for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients undergoing elective surgery. DESIGN:Open, multicentre, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial. SETTING:Seven...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/bmj.m1309
更新日期:2020-05-13 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To compare the effectiveness of beta lactam monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy in the treatment of patients with fever and neutropenia. DATA SOURCES:Medline, Embase, Lilacs, the Cochrane Library, and conference proceedings to 2002. References of included studies and contact wit...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7399.1111
更新日期:2003-05-24 00:00:00
abstract::On 1 April the Department of Health introduced the mandatory collection of data on the ethnic group of patients admitted to hospital. Its coding was based on a national minimum standard for classifying ethnic groups, ostensibly using the categories in the 1991 census. In the census, however, one in four people from et...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7011.1006
更新日期:1995-10-14 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To explore genetic and environmental contributions to the influence of parental social class and region of upbringing on adult human fatness. DESIGN:Survey of sample of adults who had been adopted in childhood to relate their body mass index to sociodemographic variables in a series of multiple linear regres...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.300.6740.1615
更新日期:1990-06-23 00:00:00
abstract::Current services for those with mental disorders show two trends. Psychiatric services are becoming concentrated on the care of those with "severe mental illness," largely (but unjustifiably) synonymous with chronic psychosis. The retreat of psychiatry from the care of those with non-psychotic mental disorders has hel...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7050.158
更新日期:1996-07-20 00:00:00
abstract::To assess whether calcitonin is important in maintaining the integrity of bone the calcitonin gene of a young male patient with osteoporosis and no detectable plasma concentrations of calcitonin was studied. Genomic Southern blots with various restriction enzymes showed no large abnormalities in his calcitonin gene. G...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,收录出版
doi:10.1136/bmj.298.6682.1215
更新日期:1989-05-06 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To investigate the cost effectiveness of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX 2) selective inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and the addition of proton pump inhibitors to these treatments, for people with osteoarthritis. DESIGN:An economic evaluation using a Markov model and data ...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.b2538
更新日期:2009-07-14 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effectiveness of an integrated care programme, combining a patient directed and a workplace directed intervention, for patients with chronic low back pain. DESIGN:Population based randomised controlled trial. SETTING:Primary care (10 physiotherapy practices, one occupational health service, ...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/bmj.c1035
更新日期:2010-03-16 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate the association between long term intake of dietary and supplemental calcium and death from all causes and cardiovascular disease. DESIGN:Prospective longitudinal cohort study. SETTING:Swedish mammography cohort, a population based cohort established in 1987-90. PARTICIPANTS:61 433 women (bo...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.f228
更新日期:2013-02-12 00:00:00
abstract::Molecular techniques have revolutionised our knowledge of cell and tissue function in both health and disease. We already have new and powerful treatments based on an understanding of communication between cells by messenger molecules called cytokines. Furthermore, there is great therapeutic promise in defining molecu...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7075.203
更新日期:1997-01-18 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the effectiveness of oral rehydration in children with moderate dehydration caused by gastroenteritis, and to compare the complications of oral and intravenous treatment. DESIGN:Randomised controlled trial. SETTING:Emergency department and infectious diseases ward in a large urban teaching hosp...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/bmj.303.6799.393
更新日期:1991-08-17 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate the risk of acute hepatotoxicity associated with nimesulide compared with other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. DESIGN:Retrospective cohort and nested case-control study. SETTING:Umbria region, Italy. PARTICIPANTS:400 000 current, recent, and past users (almost 2 million prescriptions) o...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7405.18
更新日期:2003-07-05 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To identify and calculate the prevalence of spin in studies of spin. DESIGN:Meta-research analysis (research on research). SETTING:35 studies of spin in the scientific literature. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Spin, categorised as: reporting practices that distort the presentation and interpretation of results, c...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1136/bmj.l6202
更新日期:2019-12-18 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To compare the clinical effectiveness of local corticosteroid injection, standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and simple analgesics for the early treatment of lateral epicondylitis in primary care. DESIGN:Multicentre pragmatic randomised controlled trial. SETTING:23 general practices in North Sta...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7215.964
更新日期:1999-10-09 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To compare the risk profile of women receiving public and private obstetric care and to compare the rates of obstetric intervention among women at low risk in these groups. DESIGN:Population based descriptive study. SETTING:New South Wales, Australia. SUBJECTS:All 171,157 women having a live baby during 19...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7254.137
更新日期:2000-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::Since the World Health Organization (WHO) set a goal in 1988 of eradicating polio worldwide by 2000, the incidence of the disease has declined by 90% around the world, with national immunization days conducted in more than 120 countries. More than 450 million children were immunized in 1998 alone. Now, with only abo...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 新闻
doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7186.756
更新日期:1999-03-20 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To study the processes involved in and impact of mergers between NHS trusts, including the effect on management costs. DESIGN:Cross sectional study involving in depth interviews and documentary analysis; case study to compare savings in management costs between case trusts and control trusts. SETTING:Nine t...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7358.246
更新日期:2002-08-03 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the effectiveness of an antenatal service using community based breastfeeding peer support workers on initiation of breast feeding. DESIGN:Cluster randomised controlled trial. SETTING:Community antenatal clinics in one primary care trust in a multiethnic, deprived population. PARTICIPANTS:66 ante...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/bmj.b131
更新日期:2009-01-30 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To compare the efficacy of surgery with disc prosthesis versus non-surgical treatment for patients with chronic low back pain. DESIGN:A prospective randomised multicentre study. SETTING:Five university hospitals in Norway. PARTICIPANTS:173 patients with a history of low back pain for at least one year, Osw...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/bmj.d2786
更新日期:2011-05-19 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To examine whether the decline in child injury death rates between 1981 and 1991 varied by social class. DESIGN:Comparison of class specific child injury death rates for 1979, 1980, 1982, and 1983, with those for the four years 1989-92. SETTING:England and Wales. SUBJECTS:Children aged 0-15 years. MAIN OU...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7060.784
更新日期:1996-09-28 00:00:00
abstract::The benefits to medical practitioners of using the Internet are growing rapidly as the Internet becomes easier to use and ever more biomedical resources become available on line. The Internet is the largest computer network in the world; it is also a virtual community, larger than many nation states, with its own rule...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7017.1422
更新日期:1995-11-25 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To report the percentage of graduates from British medical schools who eventually practise medicine in the British NHS. DESIGN:Cohort studies using postal questionnaires, employment data, and capture-recapture analysis. SETTING:Great Britain. SUBJECTS:32 430 graduates from all British medical schools in ni...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/bmj.b1977
更新日期:2009-06-03 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To examine the hypothesis that risk of oesophageal, but not of gastric or colorectal, cancer is increased in users of oral bisphosphonates. DESIGN:Nested case-control analysis within a primary care cohort of about 6 million people in the UK, with prospectively recorded information on prescribing of bisphosph...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/bmj.c4444
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00