Abstract:
:Immunity to influenza is unique among pathogens, in that immune memory is established both via intermittent lung localized infections with highly variable influenza virus strains and by intramuscular vaccinations with inactivated protein-based vaccines. Studies in the past decades have suggested that the B cell responses to influenza infection and vaccination are highly biased by an individual's early history of influenza infection. This reactivity likely reflects both the competitive advantage that memory B cells have in an immune response and the relatively limited diversity of epitopes in influenza hemagglutinin that are recognized by B cells. In contrast, CD4 T cells recognize a wide array of epitopes, with specificities that are heavily influenced by the diversity of influenza antigens available, and a multiplicity of functions that are determined by both priming events and subsequent confrontations with antigens. Here, we consider the events that prime and remodel the influenza-specific CD4 T cell response in humans that have highly diverse immune histories and how the CD4 repertoire may be edited in terms of functional potential and viral epitope specificity. We discuss the consequences that imprinting and remodeling may have on the potential of different human hosts to rapidly respond with protective cellular immunity to infection. Finally, these issues are discussed in the context of future avenues of investigation and vaccine strategies.
journal_name
Front Immunoljournal_title
Frontiers in immunologyauthors
Nelson SA,Sant AJdoi
10.3389/fimmu.2019.00932subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-05-07 00:00:00pages
932issn
1664-3224journal_volume
10pub_type
杂志文章abstract::NKG2D is a potent activating immunoreceptor expressed on nearly all cytotoxic lymphocytes promoting their cytotoxicity against self-cells expressing NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs). NKG2DLs are MHC class I-like glycoproteins that usually are not expressed on "healthy" cells. Rather, their surface expression is induced by vari...
journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00960
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journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
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pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
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doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00003
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journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
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journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01044
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journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01064
更新日期:2017-09-04 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.586669
更新日期:2020-10-07 00:00:00
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doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.568636
更新日期:2020-09-29 00:00:00
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journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.591269
更新日期:2020-12-23 00:00:00
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journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01171
更新日期:2019-05-28 00:00:00
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journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00620
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journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
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journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
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doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.559746
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journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01024
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journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00026
更新日期:2012-02-27 00:00:00
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journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01311
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pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.562564
更新日期:2020-09-23 00:00:00
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