Abstract:
BACKGROUND:Quaternary ammonium compounds are a large class of chemicals used for their antimicrobial and antistatic properties. Two common quaternary ammonium compounds, alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC) and didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC), are combined in common cleaners and disinfectants. Introduction of a cleaner containing ADBAC+DDAC in the vivarium caused neural tube defects (NTDs) in mice and rats. METHODS:To further evaluate this finding, male and female mice were dosed in the feed at 60 or 120 mg/kg/day, or by oral gavage at 7.5, 15, or 30 mg/kg ADBAC+DDAC. Mice also received ambient exposure to ADBAC+DDAC from the disinfectant used in the mouse room. Embryos were evaluated on gestational day 10 for NTDs, and fetuses were evaluated on gestational day 18 for gross and skeletal malformations. RESULTS:We found increased NTDs with exposure to ADBAC+DDAC in both rats and mice. The NTDs persisted for two generations after cessation of exposure. Notably, male exposure alone was sufficient to cause NTDs. Equally significant, ambient exposure from disinfectant use in the vivarium, influenced the levels of NTDs to a greater extent than oral dosing. No gross or significant axial skeletal malformations were observed in late gestation fetuses. Placental abnormalities and late gestation fetal deaths were increased at 120 mg/kg/day, which might explain the lack of malformations observed in late gestation fetuses. CONCLUSION:These results demonstrate that ADBAC+DDAC in combination are teratogenic to rodents. Given the increased use of these disinfectants, further evaluation of their safety in humans and their contribution to health and disease is essential. Birth Defects Research 109:1166-1178, 2017. © 2017 The Authors. Birth Defects Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
journal_name
Birth Defects Resjournal_title
Birth defects researchauthors
Hrubec TC,Melin VE,Shea CS,Ferguson EE,Garofola C,Repine CM,Chapman TW,Patel HR,Razvi RM,Sugrue JE,Potineni H,Magnin-Bissel G,Hunt PAdoi
10.1002/bdr2.1064subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-08-15 00:00:00pages
1166-1178issue
14issn
2472-1727journal_volume
109pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:Recent advances in genomics methodologies, in particular the availability of next-generation sequencing approaches have made it possible to identify risk loci throughout the genome, in particular the exome. In the current study, we present findings from an exome study conducted in five affected individuals o...
journal_title:Birth defects research
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journal_title:Birth defects research
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journal_title:Birth defects research
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Birth defects research
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pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
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journal_title:Birth defects research
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更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2019-08-15 00:00:00
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journal_title:Birth defects research
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更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Birth defects research
pub_type: 杂志文章
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