Abstract:
:Advances in microsurgical techniques and immunomodulatory protocols have contributed to the expansion of vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) with very encouraging immunological, functional, and cosmetic results. Rejection remains however a major hurdle that portends serious threats to recipients. Rejection features in VCA have been described in a number of studies, and an international consensus on the classification of rejection was established. Unfortunately, current available diagnostic methods carry many shortcomings that, in certain cases, pose a great diagnostic challenge to physicians especially in borderline rejection cases. In this review, we revisit the features of acute skin rejection in hand and face transplantation at the clinical, cellular, and molecular levels. The multiple challenges in diagnosing rejection and in defining chronic and antibody-mediated rejection in VCA are then presented, and we finish by analyzing current research directions and novel concepts aiming at improving available diagnostic measures.
journal_name
Front Immunoljournal_title
Frontiers in immunologyauthors
Sarhane KA,Tuffaha SH,Broyles JM,Ibrahim AE,Khalifian S,Baltodano P,Santiago GF,Alrakan M,Ibrahim Zdoi
10.3389/fimmu.2013.00406subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-11-25 00:00:00pages
406issn
1664-3224journal_volume
4pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00839.]. ...
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journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
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journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
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journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
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journal_title:Frontiers in immunology
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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