Abstract:
BACKGROUND:Cirrhosis of the liver is the end stage of chronic liver disease. Among the many liver disorders that can lead to cirrhosis, some progress rapidly (years) and others more slowly (decades). In Germany, cirrhosis is often a consequence of fatty liver disease due to alcoholism or other causes, but can also be caused by hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Cirrhosis is more common in overweight persons and smokers. The underlying causes of cirrhosis determine its rate of progression and are the focus of preventive efforts and treatment. The prevalence of cirrhosis in Germany is rising; it now ranks among the top 20 causes of death in the country. METHODS:This article is based on a selective review of pertinent literature, including reviews and current guidelines. RESULTS:Strictly speaking, cirrhosis is a pathological diagnosis; it is, nevertheless, usually diagnosed clinically, by history, physical examination (e.g., cutaneous signs of liver disease), ancillary testing (e.g., ultrasonography, transient elastography) and laboratory analyses (e,g., APRI, which is the quotient of the GOT concentration and the platelet count). There are no laboratory cutoff values for the diagnosis of cirrhosis. Early detection of chronic liver disease, followed by individually tailored, risk-adapted treatment, is the best way to prevent it. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy can be performed early on to assess the risk of variceal bleeding. In most patients, the progression of fibrosis can be averted by early detection and appropriate treatment. CONCLUSION:Screening for chronic liver disease should include history and physical examination, serum transaminase measurement, upper abdominal ultrasonography, and, in some cases, transient elastography.
journal_name
Dtsch Arztebl Intjournal_title
Deutsches Arzteblatt internationalauthors
Wiegand J,Berg Tdoi
10.3238/arztebl.2013.0085subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-02-01 00:00:00pages
85-91issue
6issn
1866-0452journal_volume
110pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:BACKGROUND:High-altitude travel, for mountain climbing, trekking, or sightseeing, has become very popular. Therefore, the awareness of its dangers has increased, and many prospective travelers seek medical advice before setting forth on their trip. METHODS:We selectively searched the literature for relevant original a...
journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3238/arztebl.2011.0839
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Infections with multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria are hard to treat and cause high morbidity and mortality. The direct transmission of such pathogens is well documented, and measures to protect other patients would seem indicated. Nonetheless, evidence-based recommendations are not yet available bec...
journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3238/arztebl.2012.0039
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:A confusing variety of options are available for the treatment of depressive disorders. METHOD:Selective literature review under consideration of current guidelines. RESULTS:The treatment of depression can be divided into acute, maintenance and prophylactic phases. The basic forms of treatment are pharma...
journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3238/arztebl.2008.0782
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. There are at least 150 000 persons with MS in Germany. Recent years have seen the approval of new drugs against. METHODS:This article is based on pertinent literature retrieved by a selective search in PubMed as wel...
journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0879
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abstract:BACKGROUND:Acne is the most common skin disease in adolescence, with a prevalence of nearly 100%. About 60% of affected adolescents have mild acne for which they use non-prescription preparations without consulting a physician. The remaining 40% constitute the population of acne patients seen in medical practice. The c...
journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3238/arztebl.2014.0301
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abstract:BACKGROUND:Scoliosis is a three-dimensional deviation of the spinal axis. The main diagnostic criterion is spinal curvature exceeding 10° on a plain anteroposterior X-ray image. Scoliosis is called idiopathic when no other underlying disease can be identified. METHODS:Selective literature review and recommendations of...
journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
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abstract:BACKGROUND:Treatment with checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-programmed death-1 (anti-PD-1), anti-PD-ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1), and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (anti-CTLA-4) antibodies can prolong the survival of cancer patients, but it also induces autoimmune side effects in 86-96% of patients by activating the ...
journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
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journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3238/arztebl.2012.0645
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Military missions abroad carry a high risk of psychological traumatization. In this study, we examined the reasons for increased utilization of the treatments offered to soldiers by the German armed forces' psychiatric services. METHOD:We analyzed trends in initial contacts with psychiatrists and psychoth...
journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3238/arztebl.2012.0569
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Many psychotropic drugs can delay cardiac repolarization and thereby prolong the rate-corrected QT interval (QTc). A prolonged QTc often arouses concern in clinical practice, as it can be followed, in rare cases, by the life-threatening polymorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmia called torsade de pointes (TdP...
journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3238/arztebl.2011.0687
更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Many patients in German hospitals complain of inadequate treatment of their postoperative pain. Hospital-related structural and procedural variables may affect pain perception and patient satisfaction. We studied the association of individual variables with outcome quality. METHODS:Data from the years 2011 ...
journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3238/arztebl.2017.0161
更新日期:2017-03-10 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In endocrine orbitopathy (EO), disfiguring proptosis and diplopia impair patients' quality of life both at home and at work. METHODS:From late 2006 to the beginning of 2008, 250 outpatients in an interdisciplinary thyroid and eye clinic filled out a questionnaire about their quality of life, occupational di...
journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3238/arztebl.2009.0283
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The past decade has seen much progress in intrauterine surgery. Randomized trials have documented the benefit of some procedures of this type for the unborn child. METHOD:Selective literature review RESULTS:Randomized trials have demonstrated the benefit of fetoscopic laser coagulation of placental anastom...
journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3238/arztebl.2012.0603
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Although the number of elderly patients with fractures is increasing, there have been only a few studies to date of the efficacy of collaborative treatment by trauma surgeons and geriatricians. METHODS:Data on patients over age 75 with femoral neck, trochanteric, proximal humeral, and pelvic ring fractures ...
journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3238/arztebl.2015.0113
更新日期:2015-02-13 00:00:00
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journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0126
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3238/arztebl.2020.0521
更新日期:2020-08-03 00:00:00
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journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2016-07-25 00:00:00
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journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
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journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Sunlight induces a wide variety of dermatoses. Their differential diagnosis is problematic not only because of similar phenotypes, but also because of confusing nomenclature and classification. METHODS:We selectively reviewed the literature of the past 20 years and describe the modern nosology of photoderma...
journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3238/arztebl.2011.0135
更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Hoarseness (dysphonia) is the reason for about 1% of all consultations in primary care. It has many causes, ranging from self-limited laryngitis to malignant tumors of the vocal cords. METHODS:This review is based on literature retrieved by a selective search in PubMed employing the terms "hoarseness," "hoa...
journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3238/arztebl.2015.0329
更新日期:2015-05-08 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Pulsatile tinnitus, unlike idiopathic tinnitus, usually has a specific, identifiable cause. Nonetheless, uncertainty often arises in clinical practice about the findings to be sought and the strategy for work-up. METHODS:Selective literature review and evaluation of our own series of patients. RESULTS:Puls...
journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0451
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The incidence of sudden cardiac death in persons under age 40 is roughly 3 per 100 000 persons per year in Germany and North America. Many of these deaths are found to be due to hereditary heart diseases, often a primary structural heart disease associated with arrhythmia or else a primary arrhythmia syndrom...
journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The German Standing Committee on Vaccination Recommendations (Ständige Impfkommission, STIKO) recommends standard vaccination against pneumococcal infections for all persons aged 60 or older, and for all persons of any age with an increased health risk. It is not known how many persons in the target group in...
journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
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更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia, including aggressiveness, agitation, depression, and apathy are often treated with psychotropic drugs and are a frequent reason for hospitalization, placing an economic burden on the health care system. International guidelines recommend syndrome-specific pharmacoth...
journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
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更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Atraumatic necrosis of the femoral head is a common cause of hip arthrosis in middle age. In Germany, it affects 5000-7000 patients per year, corresponding to an incidence of 0.01%. Though rarer than primary hip arthrosis, it is still of major clinical and socio-economic significance. Patients with this prob...
journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0031
更新日期:2016-01-22 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Otitis externa has a lifetime prevalence of 10% and can arise in acute, chronic, and necrotizing forms. METHODS:This review is based on publications retrieved by a selective search of the pertinent literature. RESULTS:The treatment of acute otitis media consists of anal- gesia, cleansing of the external au...
journal_title:Deutsches Arzteblatt international
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2019-03-29 00:00:00