Abstract：
BACKGROUND:Controlled trials over two decades ago showed that the polysaccharide vaccine prevented meningococcal meningitis. Subsequent observational studies suggested variations in the level and duration of protection, particularly among young children. OBJECTIVES:To determine the effect of polysaccharide serogroup A vaccine for preventing serogroup A meningococcal meningitis. SEARCH STRATEGY:MEDLINE and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. SELECTION CRITERIA:Randomised and other prospective controlled trials. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:One reviewer collected data and assessed the methodologic quality of the trials. Data were pooled using the Exact method to assess vaccine efficacy at one, two and three years post-vaccination. MAIN RESULTS:The protective effect within the first year was consistent across all eight trials, including one with participants exclusively under six years of age (in Finland); overall vaccine efficacy was 95% (Exact 95% CI 87%, 99%). The Finnish trial lacked statistical power to assess the effect of a booster dose given to children less than 18 months old. In the three other trials that included children less than six years old (one in Sudan and two in Nigeria), none of the vaccinated children developed meningitis, but the statistical significance of this finding was undetermined. Protection extended into the second (in two studies) and third (in one study) years after vaccination, but these results were also not statistically significant. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS:When compared with current recommendations, the methodological quality and relative incompleteness of the published reports could arguably render the trials invalid for this review. However, it was unlikely that the results of the trials in such diverse settings would have been biased towards a strong and consistent protective effect. Immunogenicity trials were not included in this review. Stage two of the review will assess the vaccine effect from observational studies.
journal_name
Cochrane Database Syst Revjournal_title
The Cochrane database of systematic reviewsauthors
Patel Mdoi
10.1002/14651858.CD001093keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-01-01 00:00:00pages
CD001093issue
2issn
1469-493Xpii
CD001093pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：BACKGROUND:In recent years there has been a rise in the participation rate of women in employment. Some may become pregnant while in employment and subsequently deliver their babies. Most may decide to return early to work after giving birth for various reasons. Unless these mothers get support from their employers and...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD006177.pub2
更新日期：2007-07-18 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Hemophilia A and B are inherited coagulation disorders characterized by a reduced or absent level of factor VIII or factor IX respectively. The severe form is characterized by a factor level less than 0.01 international units (IU) per milliliter. The development of inhibitors in hemophilia is the main compli...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD010810.pub3
更新日期：2017-07-07 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Acute toxoplasma retinochoroiditis causes transient symptoms of ocular discomfort and may lead to permanent visual loss. Antibiotic treatment primarily aims to reduce the risk of permanent visual loss, recurrent retinochoroiditis, and the severity and duration of acute symptoms. There is uncertainty about th...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD002218
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Heated, humidified air is used by common cold sufferers since the invention of the steam kettle. There is scientific literature available investigating this mode of therapy using a rhinotherm. The present reviews addresses to the use of hot, humid air in common cold. OBJECTIVES:To assess the effects of inha...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD001728.pub2
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects between 4% and 12% of people aged 55 to 70 years, and 20% of people over 70 years. A common complaint is intermittent claudication, characterised by pain in the legs or buttocks that occurs with exercise and which subsides with rest. Compared with age-matched control...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD003748.pub4
更新日期：2014-10-31 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with short- and long-term complications for the mother and her infant. Women who are unable to maintain their blood glucose concentration within pre-specified treatment targets with diet and lifestyle interventions will require anti-diabetic pharmacological t...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD012037.pub2
更新日期：2017-11-05 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Email is a popular and commonly used method of communication, but its use in health care is not routine. Its application in health care has included the provision of information on disease prevention and health promotion, but the effects of using email in this way are not known. This review assesses the use ...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD007982.pub2
更新日期：2012-11-14 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Intra uterine insemination (IUI), with or without controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH), is one of the treatment modalities offered to couples who have tried to conceive for at least one year (subfertile couples). It has been suggested that increasing the number of inseminations from one per cycle to two...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD003854
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Couple therapy for depression has the twofold aim of modifying negative interaction patterns and increasing mutually supportive aspects of intimate relationships, changing the interpersonal context of depression. Couple therapy is included in several guidelines among the suggested treatments for depression. ...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD004188.pub3
更新日期：2018-06-08 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Incomplete miscarriage is a major problem that should be effectively managed with safe and appropriate procedures. Surgical evacuation of the uterus for management of incomplete miscarriage usually involves vacuum aspiration or sharp curettage. OBJECTIVES:To compare the safety and effectiveness of surgical ...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD001993.pub2
更新日期：2010-09-08 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Breech presentation is associated with increased complications. Turning a breech baby to head first presentation using external cephalic version (ECV) attempts to reduce the chances of breech presentation at birth, and reduce the adverse effects of breech vaginal birth or caesarean section. Tocolytic drugs a...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD000184.pub3
更新日期：2012-01-18 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Adjuvant tamoxifen reduces the risk of breast cancer recurrence in women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Tamoxifen also increases the risk of postmenopausal bleeding, endometrial hyperplasia, polyps, and endometrial cancer. The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) causes prof...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD007245.pub2
更新日期：2009-10-07 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable ...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD006569.pub4
更新日期：2013-02-28 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Malnourished children have a higher risk of death and illness. Treating severe acute malnourished children in hospitals is not always desirable or practical in rural settings, and home treatment may be better. Home treatment can be food prepared by the carer, such as flour porridge, or commercially manufactu...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD009000.pub2
更新日期：2013-06-06 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Tardive dyskinesia is a disfiguring movement disorder of the orofacial region often caused by antipsychotic drugs. A wide range of strategies has been used to help manage tardive dyskinesia and, for people who are unable to have their antipsychotic medication stopped or substantially changed, the calcium-cha...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD000206.pub2
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:This is an updated version of the original review that was first published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. Laparoscopy has become an increasingly common approach to surgical staging of apparent early-stage ovarian tumours. This review was undertaken to assess the available evide...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD005344.pub3
更新日期：2013-02-28 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Breastfeeding (BF) is well recognised as the best food for infants. The impact of antenatal BF education on the duration of BF has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the effectiveness of antenatal BF education for increasing BF initiation and duration. SEARCH METHODS:We searched the Cochrane Pregna...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD006425.pub2
更新日期：2011-11-09 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Vasoactive and neuroprotective drugs such as vinpocetine are used to treat stroke in some countries. OBJECTIVES:To assess the effect of vinpocetine in acute ischaemic stroke. SEARCH STRATEGY:We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (last searched February 2007), MEDLINE (1966 to February 2007)...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD000480.pub2
更新日期：2008-01-23 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Extramedullary fixation of hip fractures refers to the application of a plate and screws to the lateral side of the proximal femur. OBJECTIVES:To compare different types of extramedullary fixation implants for the surgical treatment of extracapsular hip fracture in adults. SEARCH STRATEGY:We searched the C...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD000339
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Single-shot spinal anaesthesia (SSS) and combined spinal-epidural (CSE) anaesthesia are both commonly used for caesarean section anaesthesia. Spinals offer technical simplicity and rapid onset of nerve blockade which can be associated with hypotension. CSE anaesthesia allows for more gradual onset and also p...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD008100.pub2
更新日期：2019-10-11 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Metal pins are used to apply skeletal traction or external fixation devices in the management of orthopaedic fractures. These pins protrude through the skin (described as 'percutaneous') and the way in which they are treated after insertion may affect the incidence of pin site infection. This review set out ...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD004551.pub2
更新日期：2008-10-08 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Pulmonary rehabilitation has become a cornerstone in the management of patients with stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Systematic reviews have shown large and important clinical effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in these patients. In unstable COPD patients who have suffered from an exace...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD005305.pub2
更新日期：2009-01-21 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Considerable controversy exists as to whether any benefit of doxorubicin-based combination chemotherapy outweighs increased toxic effects, inconvenience, and additional costs, compared to single-agent doxorubicin. There is substantial variation in clinical practice in the treatment of patients with locally a...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD003293
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Traumatic brain injury is common and presents a health problem with significant effect on quality of life. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been suggested to improve oxygen supply to the injured brain and, therefore, to reduce the volume of brain that will ultimately perish. It is postulated that the add...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD004609.pub2
更新日期：2004-10-18 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Fatigue is one of the most common and disabling symptoms of people with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The effective management of fatigue has an important impact on the patient's functioning, abilities, and quality of life. Although a number of strategies have been devised for reducing fatigue, treatment recommen...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD002818.pub2
更新日期：2007-01-24 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:This overview reports on interventions for pain relief and for subfertility in pre-menopausal women with clinically diagnosed endometriosis. OBJECTIVES:The objective of this overview was to summarise the evidence from Cochrane systematic reviews on treatment options for women with pain or subfertility assoc...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD009590.pub2
更新日期：2014-03-10 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Eczema is a common skin disease in many countries, and although the majority of cases of eczema occur before the age of five years and often resolve during childhood or adolescence, it can also persist into adulthood. Itch is the most important aspect of eczema, often impacting significantly on the quality o...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD007770.pub2
更新日期：2013-02-28 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Transthoracic defibrillation is a potentially life-saving treatment for people with ventricular fibrillation (VF) and haemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia (VT). In recent years, biphasic waveforms have become more commonly used for defibrillation than monophasic waveforms. Clinical trials of int...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD006762.pub2
更新日期：2016-02-10 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The majority of complications in traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) can occur in the first 24 hours and it has been suggested that spinal injury centres (SICs) may influence the pre-transfer care of people with SCI. The specialist SIC concept has been adopted in a number of high-income countries. However, ev...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD004442.pub2
更新日期：2004-10-18 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Although conventional non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments for insomnia are effective in many people, alternative therapies such as acupuncture are still widely practiced. However, it remains unclear whether the existing evidence is rigorous enough to support its use. OBJECTIVES:To determine t...
journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1002/14651858.CD005472.pub2
更新日期：2007-07-18 00:00:00
