Abstract：
BACKGROUND:The aim of this study was to examine longitudinally the acquisition of reading fluency in a shallow orthography from the very beginning using eye movement recordings. The development of reading fluency is easier to examine in shallow (such as German, Finnish, or Italian) rather than in opaque (such as English or French) orthographies because the former limit the presence of speed-accuracy trade-offs at early stages of acquisition. To date, only cross-sectional eye movement studies of reading development are available. MATERIAL/METHODS:One normally developing child was assessed at the very beginning of first grade and at the end of the first, second, and fifth grades. Eye movement parameters during reading, reading speed and accuracy in a standard reading test, and vocal reaction time at onset to single words varying in length were measured. RESULTS:Reading fluency improved dramatically during the first grade and progressively less thereafter: the word-length effect decreased abruptly by the end of the first grade and then less onwards. The rate of improvement closely followed a power function. This pattern held for standard reading tests, various eye movement parameters during reading, and vocal reaction times to single word onset. CONCLUSIONS:These longitudinal observations indicate the rapid acquisition of reading fluency in a transparent orthography showing that the largest changes occurred within the first year of education.
journal_name
Med Sci Monitjournal_title
Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical researchauthors
De Luca M,Zeri F,Spinelli D,Zoccolotti Psubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-03-01 00:00:00pages
SC1-7issue
3eissn
1234-1010issn
1643-3750pii
878444journal_volume
16pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:BACKGROUND Colon cancer is one of the most common malignant cancers and causes millions of deaths each year. There are still no effective treatments for colon cancer patients who are at advanced stage. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) might be a good therapy target due to its widely-accepted roles in regulating mul...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.901880
更新日期：2017-02-12 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Studies on insulin resistance (IR) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are rare, and its exact mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we explored the molecular mechanism of IR with chronic renal failure (CRF) and interventions to alleviate IR in patients with CRF. MATERIAL AND METHODS In vivo and in...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.909910
更新日期：2018-04-21 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Bloodstream infections (BSI) represent a major cause of hospital-acquired infections in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients. This study was designed to determine the prevalence, risk factors and outcomes of these infections in one local facility. MATERIAL/METHODS:All patients admitted to one PICU ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:296 patients with first clinical symptoms of alcoholic liver disease were hospitalized in Probationary-Infectious Diseases Department in Kielce, between 1994-2000. In 52 (17.6%) of them, acute hepatic failure was diagnosed by detection of hepatic encephalopathy. Initial laboratory data of those patients who died (6.1%...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of semiquantitative analysis (SQA) of 99mTc-MIBI imaging in predicting early-stage cervical lymph node metastasis (CLNM) in thyroid carcinoma (TC). MATERIAL AND METHODS TC patients (n =106) undergoing surgical resection and histopathological examination were e...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.899966
更新日期：2017-03-31 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:NAA, marker of neurons integrity and viability, is one of the most important brain metabolites visible in 1H MRS. In most studies of schizophrenia, the decrease of NAA level was observed in the temporal, frontal lobes and in the thalamus. This finding was observed more often among chronic patients, what sugg...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Prenatal exposure to tobacco can have significant effects on infants. The objective was to investigate whether maternal smoking affects the size of the thymus. MATERIAL/METHODS:A group of 50 pregnant women who smoked throughout pregnancy and a control group of 92 non-smoking pregnant women were studied. The...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.914222
更新日期：2018-12-17 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.918686
更新日期：2020-01-22 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.12659/msm.898347
更新日期：2016-05-19 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND The correlation between serum concentration of neuron specific enolase (NSE), S100B, and the prognosis of patients with acute spinal cord injury (ASCI) remains controversial. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty patients with confirmed diagnosis of ASCI were recruited for this study from February 2015 to January 2017...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.907406
更新日期：2018-06-30 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.915375
更新日期：2019-08-04 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.896243
更新日期：2015-12-09 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.907146
更新日期：2018-07-09 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Current findings suggest that more attention needs to be given to the increase in body mass achieved by disabled populations, especially by individuals with mental retardation, to minimize long-term negative health consequences. Accordingly, it would be of interest to design adequate strategies based on phys...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND The impact of hypertensive (HTN) donor grafts on the prognosis of simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation (SLKT) patient is not known, and an applicable risk scoring system for SLKT patient survival is lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of donor HTN on patient survival of SLKT recipients and...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.909706
更新日期：2018-04-20 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.903883
更新日期：2017-10-04 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.895971
更新日期：2016-04-26 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.881890
更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The placebo effect describes the mind-body process of altering the body's physiological state as well as the brain's neurological state. Catalyzed by the mind's believing in a certain drug, ritual, and/or treatment, it generally refers to the phenomenon of an ill individual recovering to health. Subsequent t...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We report the case of a 70-year-old woman with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction of the anterior wall, complicated by ventricular septal rupture (two septal defects--VSDs) with symptoms of cardiogenic shock. After 6 weeks of conservative treatment with inotropes and intra-aortic balloon support, the patient u...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.881917
更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND The effect of foot orthoses in terms of kinematics and kinetics during walking could be affected on different geometrical designs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical and clinical effects of 3 different insoles on rearfoot motion (RFM) and ankle joint moment parameters. MAT...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.918782
更新日期：2019-08-08 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Lansoprazole (LAN) is a proton pump inhibitor drug (PPI) metabolized by the P-450 liver cytochrome (CYP-450) system. LAN is used in association with antimicrobial agents in Helicobacter pylori (HP) eradication therapy. The 13C-Aminopyrine breath test (ABT) is a non-invasive tool exploring liver CYP-450 metab...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The medial collateral ligament of the knee is frequently injured in sports. The medial collateral ligament healing is slow. Vanadate is a transition element that has been shown to be a nonspecific inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases. It has notable effects on wound healing. This study sought to examin...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND YM155, which inhibits the anti-apoptotic protein survivin, is known to exert anti-tumor effects in various cancers. However, there were few reports describing the inhibitory effect of YM155 on human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells that highly express survivin. In this study, we investigated the an...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.901643
更新日期：2017-04-24 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is increasing worldwide. Currently, there is no effective treatment for PAD. Curcumin is an ingredient of turmeric that has antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and anticancer properties. In the present study we investigated the potential effect of curcumin in ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.896217
更新日期：2016-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:We have retracted this publication because we were informed that an image used by the authors was copied from the following article: J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2011 Nov; 50(5): 441-445. Minimally Invasive Multi-Level Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Using a Percutaneously Inserted Spinal Fixation System: Technical Tips,...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,撤回出版物
doi：10.12659/MSM.924166
更新日期：2020-04-09 00:00:00
