Trypanosoma evansi evades host innate immunity by releasing extracellular vesicles to activate TLR2-AKT signaling pathway.

abstract：:Most human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infected subjects remain asymptomatic throughout their lives, with a few individuals developing HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) or adult T cell leukemia. Lymphocytes from about half of HTLV-1 infected subjects spontaneously proliferat...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Norris PJ,Hirschkorn DF,DeVita DA,Lee TH,Murphy EL

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We recently identified 15 genes encoding putative surface proteins with features of MSCRAMMs and/or pili in the Enterococcus faecium TX0016 (DO) genome, including four predicted pilus-encoding gene clusters; we also demonstrated that one of these, ebpABC(fm), is transcribed as an operon, that its putative major pilus ...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Sillanpää J,Nallapareddy SR,Singh KV,Prakash VP,Fothergill T,Ton-That H,Murray BE

更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The intestinal epithelium undergoes a rapid turnover in addition to rapid exfoliation in response to bacterial infection, thus acting as an intrinsic defense against microbial intruders. It has long been questioned how mucosal pathogens can circumvent the intestinal defense systems. Our recent discovery of a bacterial...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Kim M,Ogawa M,Mimuro H,Sasakawa C

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are caused by infectious agents with stable virulence characteristics that are not encoded by the host. Agent-specific features of virulence include variable disease latency and tissue pathology in a given host, as well as the ability to spread to many species. Such cro...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Manuelidis L

更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The hypomethylating agent 5-azacytidine (5AC) is widely used in patients at risk of invasive mycoses. We sought to determine whether 5AC affects the developmental competence and virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus. Incubation of A. fumigatus strain 293 with 5AC induced high-frequency conversion to a fluffy-variant (Af2...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Ben-Ami R,Varga V,Lewis RE,May GS,Nierman WC,Kontoyiannis DP

更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A vaccine against HIV able to generate properly neutralizing antibodies and an efficacious cytotoxic T lymphocyte response is of paramount importance. We are proposing a novel approach based on the collection of thousand small HIV-infected human plasma samples for preparing a global vaccine, able to counteract HIV div...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Bocci V,Zanardi I,Travagli V

更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen associated with nosocomial and community-acquired infections, and is also responsible for several economically important infections of livestock. However, the evolutionary origin of animal strains and the potential for cross-species transmission has not been well examine...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Lowder BV,Fitzgerald JR

更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Despite being obligately associated with warm-blooded animals, Candida albicans expresses a bona fide heat shock response that is regulated by the evolutionarily conserved, essential heat shock transcription factor Hsf1. Hsf1 is thought to play a fundamental role in thermal homeostasis, adjusting the levels of essenti...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Brown AJ,Leach MD,Nicholls S

更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pathogenic bacteria have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to respond and adapt to diverse environmental conditions, especially at the early stage of host-pathogen interaction. Their ability to sense the changes at the infection court and to coordinate virulence gene expression among members, are critical for overwhelm...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Zhang LH

更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Viruses induce an antiviral host response by activating the expression of antiviral host genes. However, viruses have evolved a wide range of strategies to counteract antiviral host responses. One of the strategies used by many viruses is the general inhibition of host gene expression, also referred to as a host shut-...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Vreede FT,Fodor E

更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During infection, bacterial pathogens interfere with many different post-translational modifications of the host cell to promote their own survival and replication. By stimulating or counteracting host post-translational modifications, these pathogens may control locally and specifically the fate and function of host ...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Ribet D,Cossart P

更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The slow growth rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis hinders research progress, since estimating the bacterial numbers present in all experiments normally relies on determination of colony forming units on agar plates. M. tuberculosis colonies can take as long as four to six weeks to become visible. Whole animal imaging...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Kong Y,Cirillo JD

更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis are two very closely related species of pathogenic yeast. C. albicans is the most prevalent species in the human gastrointestinal tract and is responsible for far more opportunistic infections in comparison with C. dubliniensis. This disparity is likely to be due to the reduce...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Sullivan DJ,Moran GP

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Invasive bacterial pathogens such as Shigella flexneri force their uptake into non-phagocytic host cells. Upon internalization, they rupture the endocytic vacuole and escape into the host cell cytoplasm. Recent studies applying fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) based methods to track host-pathogen interact...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Nothelfer K,Dias Rodrigues C,Bobard A,Phalipon A,Enninga J

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The rapidly evolving crisis of antibiotic resistance among microorganisms has contributed to the rise of patient morbidity and mortality from nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Therefore, innovative antimicrobial technology targeting mechanisms to which the bacteria are unlikely to evolve resistance is urge...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Friedman A,Blecher K,Sanchez D,Tuckman-Vernon C,Gialanella P,Friedman JM,Martinez LR,Nosanchuk JD

更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) produces ~80% of community-acquired UTI, the second most common infection in humans. During UTI, UPEC has a complex life cycle, replicating and persisting in intracellular and extracellular niches. Host and environmental stresses may affect the integrity of the UPEC genome and thr...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Gawel D,Seed PC

更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Conventional antineoplastic, novel immunosuppressive agents and antibiotics used in cancer treatment can directly affect the growth, development and virulence of Candida and Aspergillus species. Cytotoxic and cisplatin compounds have anti-Candida activity and may be synergistic with antifungal drugs; they also inhibit...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Chen SC,Lewis RE,Kontoyiannis DP

更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In mammals, odorants are inhaled through the nose and inside the nasal cavity they trigger olfactory sensory neurons (OSN)  that are located within the olfactory epithelium. OSN project their axons into glomerular structures of the olfactory bulb. There they synapse with dendrites of second-order neurons that project ...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Kalinke U,Bechmann I,Detje CN

更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Increasing attention has been focused on understanding bacterial biofilms and this growth modality's relation to human disease. In this review we explore the genetic regulation and molecular components involved in biofilm formation and maturation in the context of the Gram-positive cocci, Staphylococcus aureus. In add...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Archer NK,Mazaitis MJ,Costerton JW,Leid JG,Powers ME,Shirtliff ME

更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Infection by the human protozoan parasite Leishmania can lead, depending primarily on the parasite species, to either cutaneous or mucocutaneous lesions, or fatal generalized visceral infection. In the New World, Leishmania (Viannia) species can cause mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL). Clinical MCL involves a strong h...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Ronet C,Beverley SM,Fasel N

更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bioluminescence imaging allows the visualization of the temporal and spatial progression of biological phenomena, in particular infection, by non-invasive methods in vivo. This nature-borrowed technology has been successfully used to monitor bacterial infections but recent studies have also succeeded in tracking funga...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Vecchiarelli A,d'Enfert C

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:S. typhimurium can infect host cells not only by the well-established "trigger"-mode of invasion, inducing the formation of prominent membrane ruffles e.g., as during macropinocytosis, but also independently of these processes. Recently, we have found that the novel, ruffling-independent entry mechanism usurps the hos...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Hänisch J,Stradal TE,Rottner K

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS) is maintained by active interfaces between the bloodstream and the brain parenchyma. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) constitutes a selective filter for exchange of water, solutes, nutrients, and controls toxic compounds or pathogens entry. Some parasites, bacteria, and vir...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Miller F,Afonso PV,Gessain A,Ceccaldi PE

更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Infection with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is characterized by asymptomatic latent infection in the central nervous system and skeletal muscle tissue in the majority of immunocompentent individuals. Life-threatening reactivation of the infection in immunocompromized patients originates from rupture of Tox...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Feustel SM,Meissner M,Liesenfeld O

更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Existence in the biofilm state lends bacteria the opportunity to enjoy, at least for a finite amount of time, the benefits of a multicellular entity. The order of events leading to biofilm formation and disassembly has been the topic of interest for numerous studies, aiming to identify factors and mechanisms that unde...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Hadjifrangiskou M,Hultgren SJ

更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A large number of studies have been published over the last two decades examining molecular mechanisms of antifungal resistance in Candida species. However, few of these studies have explored how such mechanisms influence the host immune response to this opportunistic pathogen. With recent advances in our understandin...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Lewis RE,Viale P,Kontoyiannis DP

更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Sub-phenotypes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis and some cases of irritable bowel syndrome-are generally considered a consequence of gastrointestinal inflammation of unknown etiology. Conventional therapy and more recently biologic agents, all with varying degrees of drawbacks, hav...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Click RE

更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The β-hemolytic group A streptococcus (GAS) is a major pathogen that readily uses hemoglobin to satisfy its requirements for iron. The streptococcal hemoprotein receptor in GAS plays a central role in heme utilization and binds fibronectin and laminin in vitro. Shr inactivation attenuates the virulent M1T1 GAS strain ...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Eichenbaum Z

更新日期：2012-11-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) cause hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans. Outbreaks are linked to bovine food sources. STEC O157:H7 has been responsible for the most severe outbreaks worldwide. However, non-O157 serotypes have emerged as important enteric pathogens in ...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Etcheverría AI,Padola NL

更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dynamic changes in microvascular endothelial structure and function are pivotal in the acute inflammatory response, the body's rapid, coordinated effort to localize, sequester, and eliminate microbial invaders at their portal of entry. To achieve this, the endothelium becomes leaky and inflamed, providing innate immun...

journal_title：Virulence

authors： Parikh SM

更新日期：2013-08-15 00:00:00