HIV-1 Vif, APOBEC, and intrinsic immunity.

abstract：BACKGROUND:In the acute phase of infection with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), the virus targets activated CD4+ T cells by utilising CD134 (OX40) as a primary attachment receptor and CXCR4 as a co-receptor. The nature of the virus-receptor interaction varies between isolates; strains such as GL8 and CPGammer reco...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Willett BJ,Kraase M,Logan N,McMonagle EL,Samman A,Hosie MJ

更新日期：2010-04-26 00:00:00

abstract：:In HIV-infected people, resting CD4+ T cells are the main reservoir of latent virus and the reason for the failure of drug therapy to cure HIV infection. Still, we do not have a complete understanding of the factors regulating HIV replication in these cells. A recent paper in Cell describes a new trick that the virus ...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Bukrinsky M

更新日期：2008-09-22 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent findings suggest that mammalian cells can use small non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) to regulate physiological viral infections. Here, we comment on several lines of evidence that support this concept. We discuss how viruses may in turn protect, suppress, evade, modulate, or adapt to the host cell's ncRNA regulatory sch...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Yeung ML,Benkirane M,Jeang KT

更新日期：2007-10-15 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:HIV-1 integration results in genomic DNA gaps that are repaired by cellular DNA repair pathways. This step of the lentiviral life cycle remains poorly understood despite its crucial importance for successful replication. We and others reported that Ku70 protein of the non-homologous end joining pathway (NHEJ...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Knyazhanskaya E,Anisenko A,Shadrina O,Kalinina A,Zatsepin T,Zalevsky A,Mazurov D,Gottikh M

更新日期：2019-11-06 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Combination anti-viral therapies have reduced treatment failure rates by requiring multiple specific mutations to be selected on the same viral genome to impart high-level drug resistance. To determine if the common protease inhibitor resistance mutation L90M is only selected once or repeatedly on different ...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Kapoor A,Shapiro B,Shafer RW,Shulman N,Rhee SY,Delwart EL

更新日期：2008-01-25 00:00:00

abstract：:We have obtained the 1.7 A crystal structure of FIV protease (PR) in which 12 critical residues around the active site have been substituted with the structurally equivalent residues of HIV PR (12X FIV PR). The chimeric PR was crystallized in complex with the broad-based inhibitor TL-3, which inhibits wild type FIV an...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Heaslet H,Lin YC,Tam K,Torbett BE,Elder JH,Stout CD

更新日期：2007-01-09 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Xenotropic murine leukemia virus (MLV)-related virus (XMRV) was initially identified in prostate cancer (PCa) tissue, particularly in the prostatic stromal fibroblasts, of patients homozygous for the RNASEL R462Q mutation. A subsequent study reported XMRV antigens in malignant prostatic epithelium and associ...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Sakuma T,Hué S,Squillace KA,Tonne JM,Blackburn PR,Ohmine S,Thatava T,Towers GJ,Ikeda Y

更新日期：2011-03-29 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Host SAM domain and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) suppresses reverse transcription kinetics of HIV-1 in nondividing cells such as macrophages by hydrolyzing and nearly depleting cellular dNTPs, which are the substrates of viral reverse transcriptase (RT). However, unlike HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIVsm enco...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Lenzi GM,Domaoal RA,Kim DH,Schinazi RF,Kim B

更新日期：2014-12-19 00:00:00

abstract：:It is well established that CD4(+) T cells play an important role in immunity to infections with retroviruses such as HIV. However, in recent years CD4(+) T cells have been subdivided into several distinct populations that are differentially regulated and perform widely varying functions. Thus, it is important to deli...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Nair S,Bayer W,Ploquin MJ,Kassiotis G,Hasenkrug KJ,Dittmer U

更新日期：2011-09-26 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Cellular infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) both in vitro and in vivo requires a member of the chemokine receptor family to act as a co-receptor for viral entry. However, it is presently unclear to what extent the interaction of HIV proteins with chemokine receptors generates intracellular sig...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Grainger DJ,Lever AM

更新日期：2005-04-04 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Accumulating data suggest that immune effector functions mediated through the Fc portion of HIV-1-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) are a key component of HIV-1 protective immunity, affecting both disease progression and HIV-1 acquisition. Through studying Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) variants known to alter IgG F...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Lassaunière R,Musekiwa A,Gray GE,Kuhn L,Tiemessen CT

更新日期：2016-06-10 00:00:00

abstract：:The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vif plays a crucial role in the viral life cycle by antagonizing a host restriction factor APOBEC3G (A3G). Vif interacts with A3G and induces its polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation via the formation of active ubiquitin ligase (E3) complex with Cullin5-ElonginB...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Izumi T,Takaori-Kondo A,Shirakawa K,Higashitsuji H,Itoh K,Io K,Matsui M,Iwai K,Kondoh H,Sato T,Tomonaga M,Ikeda S,Akari H,Koyanagi Y,Fujita J,Uchiyama T

更新日期：2009-01-07 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Upon HIV entry into target cells, viral cores are released and rearranged into reverse transcription complexes (RTCs), which support reverse transcription and also protect and transport viral cDNA to the site of integration. RTCs are composed of viral and cellular proteins that originate from both target and...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Santos S,Obukhov Y,Nekhai S,Bukrinsky M,Iordanskiy S

更新日期：2012-08-13 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:HTLV-I associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) carries a dismal prognosis due to chemo-resistance and immuno-compromised micro-environment. The combination of zidovudine and interferon-alpha (IFN) significantly improved survival in ATL. Promising results were reported by adding arsenic trioxide to zi...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Kchour G,Rezaee R,Farid R,Ghantous A,Rafatpanah H,Tarhini M,Kooshyar MM,El Hajj H,Berry F,Mortada M,Nasser R,Shirdel A,Dassouki Z,Ezzedine M,Rahimi H,Ghavamzadeh A,de Thé H,Hermine O,Mahmoudi M,Bazarbachi A

更新日期：2013-08-20 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:A nef gene is present in all primate lentiviral genomes and is important for high viral loads and progression to AIDS in human or experimental macaque hosts of HIV or SIV, respectively. In these hosts, infection of the thymus results in a decreased output of naive T cells that may contribute to the developme...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Van Nuffel A,Ariën KK,Stove V,Schindler M,O'Neill E,Schmökel J,Van de Walle I,Naessens E,Vanderstraeten H,Van Landeghem K,Taghon T,Pulkkinen K,Saksela K,Garcia JV,Fackler OT,Kirchhoff F,Verhasselt B

更新日期：2013-11-15 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:It has been accepted that HIV buds from the cell surface in T lymphocytes, whereas in macrophages it buds into intracellular endosomes. Recent studies, on the other hand, suggest that HIV preferentially buds from the cell surface even in monocytic cells. However, most studies are based on observations in acu...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Suyama M,Daikoku E,Goto T,Sano K,Morikawa Y

更新日期：2009-07-13 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:In chickens, as in most birds, female gonad morphogenesis is asymmetrical. Gonads appear first rather similarly, but only the left one undergoes full differentiation and gives rise to a functional ovary. The right gonad, in which the cortex does not develop, remains restricted to the medulla and finally regr...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Carré-Eusèbe D,Coudouel N,Magre S

更新日期：2009-06-17 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:We have previously reported that CD4 T cells from some exposed uninfected (EU) Vietnamese intravenous drug users are relatively resistant to HIV infection in vitro. Here, we further characterized the restriction of viral replication in CD4 T cells from five EUs and assessed its persistence in serial samples....

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Sáez-Cirión A,Versmisse P,Truong LX,Chakrabarti LA,Carpentier W,Barré-Sinoussi F,Scott-Algara D,Pancino G

更新日期：2006-11-08 00:00:00

abstract：:The presence of relatively high levels of cellular protein contamination in density-purified virion preparations is a confounding factor in biochemical analyses of HIV and SIV produced from hematopoietic cells. A major source of this contamination is from vesicles, either microvesicles or exosomes, that have similar p...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Coren LV,Shatzer T,Ott DE

更新日期：2008-07-16 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:While viruses have long been shown to capitalize on their limited genomic size by utilizing both strands of DNA or complementary DNA/RNA intermediates to code for viral proteins, it has been assumed that human retroviruses have all their major proteins translated only from the plus or sense strand of RNA, de...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Ludwig LB,Ambrus JL Jr,Krawczyk KA,Sharma S,Brooks S,Hsiao CB,Schwartz SA

更新日期：2006-11-08 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:The recently approved anti-AIDS drug rilpivirine (TMC278, Edurant) is a nonnucleoside inhibitor (NNRTI) that binds to reverse transcriptase (RT) and allosterically blocks the chemical step of DNA synthesis. In contrast to earlier NNRTIs, rilpivirine retains potency against well-characterized, clinically rele...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Johnson BC,Pauly GT,Rai G,Patel D,Bauman JD,Baker HL,Das K,Schneider JP,Maloney DJ,Arnold E,Thomas CJ,Hughes SH

更新日期：2012-12-05 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Recombination is a common feature of retroviral biology and one of the most important factors responsible for generating viral diversity at both the intra-host and the population levels. However, relatively little is known about rates and molecular processes of recombination for retroviruses other than HIV, ...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Bęczkowski PM,Hughes J,Biek R,Litster A,Willett BJ,Hosie MJ

更新日期：2014-09-17 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:LILRA3 is an immunostimulatory molecule which can conditionally induce the proliferation of cytotoxic cells. LILRA3 has a deletion genotype which is associated with multiple immune disorders. In this study, we wanted to analyze the regulation of LILRA3 and its significance in the context of HIV infection. R...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Low HZ,Ahrenstorf G,Pommerenke C,Habermann N,Schughart K,Ordóñez D,Stripecke R,Wilk E,Witte T

更新日期：2016-03-12 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Mammalian cells harbour RNA quality control and degradative machineries such as nonsense-mediated mRNA decay that target cellular mRNAs for clearance from the cell to avoid aberrant gene expression. The role of the host mRNA decay pathways in macrophages in the context of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Rao S,Amorim R,Niu M,Breton Y,Tremblay MJ,Mouland AJ

更新日期：2019-02-07 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:HIV-1 replication is critically dependent upon controlled processing of its RNA and the activities provided by its encoded regulatory factors Tat and Rev. A screen of small molecule modulators of RNA processing identified several which inhibited virus gene expression, affecting both relative abundance of spe...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Balachandran A,Wong R,Stoilov P,Pan S,Blencowe B,Cheung P,Harrigan PR,Cochrane A

更新日期：2017-01-26 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Binding of the viral envelope protein (Env), and particularly of its gp120 subunit, to the cellular CD4 receptor is the first essential step of the HIV-1 entry process. The CD4 binding site (CD4bs) of gp120, and especially a recessed cavity occupied by the CD4 Phe43 residue, are known to be highly conserved ...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Grupping K,Selhorst P,Michiels J,Vereecken K,Heyndrickx L,Kessler P,Vanham G,Martin L,Ariën KK

更新日期：2012-05-02 00:00:00

abstract：:This editorial represents a plea to retrovirologists to attend the XVI International Conference on AIDS that will take place in Toronto, Canada between August 13-18, 2006. In short, it is vital that politicians and opinion leaders understand that basic scientists are no less committed to the worldwide battle against H...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Wainberg MA

更新日期：2006-02-03 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Recognition of microbial products through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) initiates inflammatory responses orchestrated by innate immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs). As these cells are patrolling mucosal surfaces, a portal of entry for various pathogens including human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Thibault S,Fromentin R,Tardif MR,Tremblay MJ

更新日期：2009-05-06 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into the host cell involves interactions between the viral envelope glycoproteins (Env) and the cellular receptor CD4 as well as a coreceptor molecule (most importantly CCR5 or CXCR4). Viral preference for a specific coreceptor (tropism) is in particular d...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Bozek K,Eckhardt M,Sierra S,Anders M,Kaiser R,Kräusslich HG,Müller B,Lengauer T

更新日期：2012-07-25 00:00:00

abstract：:The identification of the most appropriate marker to measure reservoir size has been a great challenge for the HIV field. Quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA), the reference standard to quantify the amount of replication-competent virus, has several limitations, as it is laborious, expensive, and unable to robust...

journal_title：Retrovirology

authors： Pinzone MR,O'Doherty U

更新日期：2018-02-17 00:00:00