Abstract:
BACKGROUND:Trifluoperazine is an inexpensive accessible 'high potency' antipsychotic drug, widely used to treat schizophrenia or related psychoses. OBJECTIVES:To estimate the effects of trifluoperazine compared with placebo and other drugs. SEARCH STRATEGY:Searches of the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's register of trials (March 2002), supplemented with hand searching, reference searching, personal communication and contact with industry. SELECTION CRITERIA:All clinical randomised trials involving people with schizophrenia and comparing trifluoperazine with any other treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:Studies were reliably selected and quality rated and data was extracted. For dichotomous data, relative risks (RR) were estimated, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Where possible, we undertook intention-to-treat analyses. For statistically significant results, the number needed to treat (NNT) was calculated. We estimated heterogeneity (I-square technique) and publication bias. MAIN RESULTS:1162 people from 13 studies were randomised to trifluoperazine or placebo. For global improvement, small short-term studies favoured trifluoperazine (n=95, 3 RCTs, RR 0.62 CI 0.49 to 0.78 NNT 3 CI 2 to 4). Loss to follow up was about 12% in both groups (n=280, 7 RCTs, RR 0.99 CI 0.62 to 1.57) and more people allocated trifluoperazine used antiparkinson drugs to alleviate movements disorders compared with placebo (n=195, 4 RCTs, RR 5.06 CI 2.49 to 10.27, NNH 4 CI 2 to 9). 2230 people from 49 studies were randomised to trifluoperazine or another older generation antipsychotic. Trifluoperazine was not clearly different in terms of 'no substantial improvement' (n=1016, 27 RCTs, RR 1.06 CI 0.98 to 1.14) or leaving the study early (n=930, 22 RCTs, RR 1.15 CI 0.83 to 1.58). Almost identical numbers of people reported at least one adverse event (60%) in each group (n=585, 14 RCTs, RR 0.99 CI 0.87 to 1.13), although trifluoperazine was more likely to cause extrapyramidal adverse effects overall when compared to low potency antipsychotics such as chlorpromazine (n=130, 3 RCTs, RR 1.66 CI 1.03 to 2.67, NNH 6 CI 3 to 121). One small study (n=38) found no clear differences between trifluoperazine and the atypical drug, sulpiride. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS:Although there are shortcomings and gaps in the data, there appears to be enough consistency over different outcomes and periods to confirm that trifluoperazine is an antipsychotic of similar efficacy to other commonly used neuroleptics for people with schizophrenia. Its adverse events profile is similar to that of other drugs. It has been claimed that trifluoperazine is effective at low doses for patients with schizophrenia but this does not appear to be based on good quality trial based evidence.
journal_name
Cochrane Database Syst Revjournal_title
The Cochrane database of systematic reviewsauthors
Marques LO,Lima MS,Soares BGdoi
10.1002/14651858.CD003545.pub2keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-01-01 00:00:00pages
CD003545issue
1issn
1469-493Xpub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:BACKGROUND:People with asthma who come from minority groups often have poorer asthma outcomes, including more acute asthma-related doctor visits for flare-ups. Various programmes used to educate and empower people with asthma have previously been shown to improve certain asthma outcomes (e.g. adherence outcomes, asthma...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006580.pub5
更新日期:2017-08-22 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Although conventional colonoscopy is the most sensitive test available for the investigation of the colorectum for polyps, there are data that raise concerns about its sensitivity. Chromoscopy may be one way of enhancing the ability for colonoscopy to detect polyps particularly diminutive flat lesions that m...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006439.pub2
更新日期:2007-10-17 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Hypoxaemia during labour can alter the shape of the fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) waveform, notably the relation of the PR to RR intervals, and elevation or depression of the ST segment. Technical systems have therefore been developed to monitor the fetal ECG during labour as an adjunct to continuous electro...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000116.pub4
更新日期:2013-05-31 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia results from the formation of antibodies by the mother which are directed against a fetal platelet alloantigen inherited from the father. The resulting fetal thrombocytopenia (reduced platelet numbers) may cause bleeding, particularly into the brain, before or shortly...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004226.pub3
更新日期:2011-05-11 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Baby-led breastfeeding is recommended as best practice in determining the frequency and duration of a breastfeed. An alternative approach is described as scheduled, where breastfeeding is timed and restricted in frequency and duration. It is necessary to review the evidence that supports current recommendati...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009067.pub2
更新日期:2014-07-31 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Worldwide, phenytoin and valproate are commonly used antiepileptic drugs. It is generally believed that phenytoin is more effective for partial onset seizures, and that valproate is more effective for generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures (with or without other generalised seizure types). This review is on...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001769.pub3
更新日期:2016-04-28 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Numerous medications are available for the acute treatment of migraine in adults, and some have now been approved for use in children and adolescents in the ambulatory setting. A systematic review of acute treatment of migraine medication trials in children and adolescents will help clinicians make evidence-...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005220.pub2
更新日期:2016-04-19 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:A couple may be considered to have fertility problems if they have been trying to conceive for over a year with no success. This may affect up to a quarter of all couples planning a child. It is estimated that for 40% to 50% of couples, subfertility may result from factors affecting women. Antioxidants are t...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007807.pub3
更新日期:2017-07-28 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is a long-term complication of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) that is characterised by pain, swelling, and skin changes in the affected limb. One in three patients with DVT will develop post-thrombotic sequelae within five years. Rutosides are a group of compounds derived from ho...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005625.pub2
更新日期:2013-04-30 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Combination antiretroviral therapy administered to HIV-infected individuals has been shown to improve immunologic function and delay the progression of HIV infection. However, because patient adherence to complicated combination-therapy antiretroviral regimens is difficult and because of concerns regarding c...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002037
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Patients with early stage cervical cancer (stages IA2, IB1 or IIA) with risk factors such as lymph node metastasis, lympho vascular space invasion, depth invasion of more than 10mm, microscopic parametrial invasion, non-squamous histology and positive surgical margins have a high risk of recurrence when comp...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005342.pub2
更新日期:2009-07-08 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Patients admitted to intensive care and on mechanical ventilation, are administered sedative and analgesic drugs to improve both their comfort and interaction with the ventilator. Optimizing sedation practice may reduce mortality, improve patient comfort and reduce cost. Current practice is to use scales or ...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011240.pub2
更新日期:2018-02-21 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of uncontrolled diabetes that mainly occurs in individuals with autoimmune type 1 diabetes, but it is not uncommon in some people with type 2 diabetes. The treatment of DKA is traditionally accomplished by the administration of intravenou...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011281.pub2
更新日期:2016-01-21 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Over the last two decades, a long protocol of Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) to prevent premature LH surges has been the standard treatment for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproduction. In the long protocols (with GnRHa started either in the mid luteal phase or in the early follicular ph...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001750
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Anaemia is a frequent condition during pregnancy, particularly among women in low- and middle-income countries. Traditionally, gestational anaemia has been prevented with daily iron supplements throughout pregnancy, but adherence to this regimen due to side effects, interrupted supply of the supplements, and...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009997.pub2
更新日期:2015-10-19 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Epilepsy is the most common serious neurological condition after stroke, with a 0.5 per cent prevalence, and a two to three per cent life time risk of being given a diagnosis of epilepsy in the developed world. As a result of the perceived deficiencies and suggestions to improve the quality of care offered t...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001907
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:School tobacco policies (STPs) might prove to be a promising strategy to prevent smoking initiation among adolescents, as there is evidence that the school environment can influence young people to smoke. STPs are cheap, relatively easy to implement and have a wide reach, but it is not clear whether this app...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009990.pub2
更新日期:2014-10-24 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In many clinical areas, integrated care pathways are utilised as structured multidisciplinary care plans which detail essential steps in caring for patients with specific clinical problems. Particularly, care pathways for the dying have been developed as a model to improve the end-of-life care of all patient...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008006.pub2
更新日期:2010-01-20 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Patients with chronic heart failure (heart failure) are at risk of thromboembolic events, including stroke, pulmonary embolism and peripheral arterial embolism, whilst coronary ischaemic events also contribute to the progression of heart failure. Long-term oral anticoagulation is established in certain group...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003336
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Patients who are entered in clinical trials after a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or non disabling ischaemic stroke have an annual risk of important vascular events (death from all vascular causes, non-fatal stroke, or non-fatal myocardial infarction) of between 4 and 11 percent. Aspirin, in a daily dose ...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001342
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Studies in traumatic encephalopathy first led to the insight that the damage seen was not just due to direct consequences of the primary injury. A significant, and potentially preventable, contribution to the overall morbidity arose from secondary hypoxic-ischaemic damage. Brain swelling accompanied by raise...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002043
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Cough is a common symptom in patients with malignancies, especially in patients with lung cancer. Cough is not well controlled in clinical practice and clinicians have few management options to treat it. OBJECTIVES:The primary objective of this review was to determine the effectiveness of interventions, bot...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007881.pub2
更新日期:2010-09-08 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Glaucoma is the international leading cause of irreversible blindness. Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only currently known modifiable risk factor; it can be reduced by medications, incisional surgery, or laser trabeculoplasty (LTP). LTP reduces IOP by 25% to 30% from baseline, but early acute IOP elevatio...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010746.pub2
更新日期:2017-02-23 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In the previous version of this review, the effectiveness of interventions tailored to barriers to change was found to be uncertain. OBJECTIVES:To assess the effectiveness of interventions tailored to address identified barriers to change on professional practice or patient outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY:For th...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005470.pub2
更新日期:2010-03-17 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The polyethylene insert in a total knee replacement (TKR) can be fixed to the tibial plateau or it can have freedom of rotation and / or translation. It is not yet clear whether there are differences in functional or clinical results between the two prosthesis types. OBJECTIVES:The goal of this review is to...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003130.pub2
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Acquired haemophilia A is a rare bleeding disorder caused by the development of specific autoantibodies against coagulation factor VIII. Rituximab may be an alternative approach to the treatment of acquired haemophilia by eradicating FVIII autoantibodies. OBJECTIVES:To assess and summarise the efficacy and ...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011907.pub2
更新日期:2016-07-08 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To estimate the short-term effects of D-penicillamine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). SEARCH STRATEGY:We searched the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group's trials register, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Medline up to and including December 1998 and Embase from 1988-1998. We also carrie...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001460
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Intra-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation (IABP) is currently the most commonly used mechanical assist device for patients with cardiogenic shock due to acute myocardial infarction.Although there is only limited evidence by randomised controlled trials, the current guidelines of the American Heart Associati...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007398.pub2
更新日期:2011-07-06 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The effectiveness and safety of amantadine (AMT) and rimantadine (RMT) for preventing and treating influenza A in adults has been systematically reviewed. However, little is known about these treatments in children and the elderly. OBJECTIVES:To systematically review the effectiveness and safety of AMT and ...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002745.pub3
更新日期:2012-01-18 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:People with stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) are at increased risk of future stroke and other cardiovascular events. Stroke services need to be configured to maximise the adoption of evidence-based strategies for secondary stroke prevention. Smoking-related interventions were examined in a separate...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009103.pub3
更新日期:2018-05-07 00:00:00